In my view, making the case for a specific interpretation of Critical Theory is problematic.1 Although term has prestigious origin stemming from Horkheimer?s 1937 paper, Traditional and Theory,2 given during his as Director Institute Social Research at Frankfurt University generating enthusiasm its members, movement associated would be defined radically redefined not only by subsequent generati...

New loop equations for all genera in c = 1 2 non-critical string theory are constructed. Our loop equations include two types of loops, loops with all Ising spins up (+ loops) and those with all spins down ( − loops). The loop equations generate an algebra which is a certain extension of W3 algebra and are equivalent to the W3 constraints derived before in the matrix-model formulation of 2d gra...

Critical theory emerged in Germany in the 1920s with the establishment of the Institute for Social Research at Frankfurt-am Main in 1923. The term ‘critical theory’ was originally coined and used by Max Horkheimer in 1937 to describe the theoretical programme of the school. Known as the ‘Frankfurt School’ the group became exiled to France then to the United States in the early 1930s until 1941 ...