shiga toxins (stxs) are bacterial virulence factors produced by shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 and escherichia coli strains. stxs are critical factors for the development of diseases such as severe bloody diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome. additionally, stxs trigger the secretion of pro- inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, particularly in monocytes or macrophages. the inflammatory cyto...

Introduction: Astrocytes are the most abundant glial cell type. In addition to their neurological roles, astrocytes also have immune functions. They have been involved in antigen presentation in the central nervous system (CNS). Activated astrocytes express adhesion molecules, chemokines and release several inflammatory mediators, pro-inflammatory cytokines, neurotrophic and neuroprotective fac...

introduction: astrocytes are the most abundant glial cell type. in addition to their neurological roles, astrocytes also have immune functions. they have been involved in antigen presentation in the central nervous system (cns). activated astrocytes express adhesion molecules, chemokines and release several inflammatory mediators, pro-inflammatory cytokines, neurotrophic and neuroprotective fac...

introduction: a number of potential cell adhesion molecules, which mediate essential cell-to-cell or cell-to-matrix interactions, are expressed on the surface of cd34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells (hpcs), including integrins, cd44, and cxcr4. these molecules are essential for homing process. in this study, we compared the changes of expression of cd44 and cxcr4 on the cd34+ hematopoietic prog...

In summary, our present system virology is confirmed current hypothesis about HAM/TSP pathogenesis with more details. It seems that Immune-dysregulation especially different cytokines expression in ACs individuals has key role in develop to HAM/TSP. In the other hand, HTLV-1 is successive intracellular pathogens which advantage from human host for hosting, replication and expansion in the human...

il-1β and il-17a are two cytokines with strong proinflammatory activities and are now known to be involved in a number of chronic inflammatory disorders. high-mobility group box 1 (hmgb1) is a nuclear protein regulating the expression of these proinflammatory cytokines. the nlrp3 inflammasome promotes the maturation of the il-1β and its activation has been shown as a critical mechanism in the p...

Many complicated mechanisms are involved in brain ischemia and the role of inflammatory factors in the progression of post-ischemic injury is inevitable. In present study, anti-inflammatory effect of berberine has been investigated in reperfusion injury after acute ischemic stroke. Male Wistar rats weighing 250-270 gr were randomly divided into four cohorts: healthy rats (control, n=20), sham-o...

Background: Euphorbia plants are traditionally used in folk medicine for infections, inflammation, and cancer. Objectives: To investigate the effects of the butanolic extracts of Euphorbia micorociadia and Euphorbia osyridea on specific transcription factors and cytokines expression of T cell subsets. Methods: Activated mouse splenocytes were cultured in the presence of non-cytotoxic concentrat...