How does “self-governance” happen in Wikipedia? Through in-depth interviews with twenty individuals who have held a variety of responsibilities in the English-language Wikipedia, we obtained rich descriptions of how various forces produce and regulate social structures on the site. Our analysis describes Wikipedia as an organization with highly refined policies, norms, and a technological archi...

Recent policy developments in public health care systems lead to a greater diversity in health care. Decentralization, either geographically or at an institutional level, is the key force, because it encourages innovation and local initiatives in health care provision. The devolution of responsibilities allows for a sort of 'deconstruction' of the status quo by changing both organizational form...

The objective of the study was to determine if chronic interruption of all extrinsic nerve inputs to the heart alters cholinergic-mediated responses within the intrinsic cardiac nervous system (ICN). Extracardiac nerve inputs to the ICN were surgically interrupted (ICN decentralized). Three weeks later, the intrinsic cardiac right atrial ganglionated plexus (RAGP) was removed and intrinsic card...

Replacing conventional power sources by renewable sources in current power grids drastically alters their structure and functionality. In particular, power generation in the resulting grid will be far more decentralized, with a distinctly different topology. Here, we analyze the impact of grid topologies on spontaneous synchronization, considering regular, random, and small-world topologies and...

The district health system in Ghana today is characterized by high resource-uncertainty and narrow decision-space. This article builds a theory-driven historical case study to describe the influence of path-dependent administrative, fiscal and political decentralization processes on development of the district health system and district manager decision-space. Methods included a non-exhaustive ...

During the past half a century, by subscribing to various variants of central planning paradigms of development, developing countries, by and large, followed a path of centralization and as a result, they are more centralized today than industrialized countries were in their early stages of development (Boadway, Roberts and Shah, 1994). A number of recent developments, discussed below, are prom...

c Preface This study reviews policies that have been adopted and action taken with a view to decentralization in the various countries of the region. It addresses the issue at two levels: national or macro level and urban or micro level. At the national level, the paper reviews the policies adopted by different countries in the region which address administrative, political and fiscal decentral...

We examine the extent of policy experimentation under decentralization and centralization. More speci cally, we study the incentive for experimentation in an environment where there is uncertainty about the payo of policies as well as the competence of policymakers. Voters form beliefs about the policymakers upon observing noisy signals. Policymakers are concerned about their reputation to the ...

OBJECTIVE To analyze organizational, political and economic changes resulting from the decentralization of the health system for those in Mexico without health insurance. METHODS Three states, selected by considering the percentage of the population living in poverty, the political party in power and their stage of decentralization (the first was in 1984 and the second in 1997) were included....

In 1991, Indonesia began a process of decentralization in the health sector which had implications for the country's public hospitals. The public hospitals were given greater authority to manage their own personnel, finance and procurement, with which they were allowed to operate commercial sections in addition to offering public services. These public services are subsidized by the government,...