this study examines differences in non-native efl teachers’ beliefs about grammar and teaching grammar. the differences were sought across teachers’ work environment- private school versus state schools-, degree, gender, and teaching experience. a sample of 130 efl teachers teaching at junior high school, high schools, and private language institutes were randomly selected. the sample consisted...

Grammar is one of the components language that holds an important place for learners. In recent years, approaches to teaching grammar have gained a high speed. As alternative way deductive application rules, implicit has become common among practitioners. According Krashen's natural acquisition hypothesis (1981), students learn only through unconscious and there no need conscious awareness. thi...

this study was an attempt to explore the beliefs of iranian efl teachers about the role of grammar in english language teaching in both state schools and private language institutes. data were collected through a questionnaire developed by burgess and etherington (2002), which consisted of 11 main subscales and was divided into two sections. the first section dealt with approaches to grammar te...

in recent years, the teaching of grammar and the importance attached to it has become a bone of contention among language teaching professionals. the emergence of the communicative approach (ca) in second or foreign language teaching has been one of the most important factors leading to this controversy. since the advent of ca in the second half of the 1970's grammar which had always occup...

We show that reifying the rules from hyperedge weights to first-class graph nodes automatically gives us rule expectations in any kind of grammar expressible as a deductive system, without any explicit algorithm for calculating rule expectations (such as the insideoutside algorithm). This gives us expectation maximization training for any grammar class with a parsing algorithm that can be state...

What a teacher believes and does in grammar instruction is substantial issue that needs to be explored. Understanding the teacher's beliefs could facilitate better understanding of classroom practices and, eventually, nuances her student's performance. A few studies have been conducted on teaching Indonesian context. However, investigating senior are infrequent Indonesia. The has always controv...

This study was an attempt to explore the beliefs of Iranian EFL teachers about the role of grammar in English language teaching in both state schools and private language institutes. Data were collected through a questionnaire developed by Burgess and Etherington (2002), which consisted of 11 main subscales and was divided into two sections. The first section dealt with approaches to grammar te...

this paper evaluates pedagogical grammar in the coursebooks of teaching persian non-iranian language learners. the study is based on communicative approach and pedagogical grammar. to evaluate the contents of those books, several checklists and grading scales were investigated and finally, an integrated checklist consisted of 20 questions was provided to be used in this study. in providing this...

Streszczenie. This paper presents a formal syntax framework of natural languages for computational linguistics. The abstract syntax of natural languages, particularly English, and their formal manipulations are described. On the basis of the abstract syntax, a universal language processing model and the deductive grammar of English are developed toward the formalization of Chomsky’s universal g...