The role of metabolism in anti-oxidative defence is only now beginning to emerge. Here, we show that the nutritionally-versatile microbe, Pseudomonas fluorescens, reconfigures its metabolism in an effort to generate NADPH, ATP and glyoxylate in order to fend off oxidative stress. Glyoxylate was produced predominantly via the enhanced activities of glycine dehydrogenase-NADP(+) (GDH), glycine tr...

Dental caries is a chronic infectious disease resulting from the penetration of oral bacteria into the enamel and dentin. Microorganisms subsequently trigger inflammatory responses in the dental pulp. These events can lead to pulp healing if the infection is not too severe following the removal of diseased enamel and dentin tissues and clinical restoration of the tooth. However, chronic inflamm...

Serum obtained from mice 3 to 5 weeks after the third i.p. dose of dengue type 2 virus (DV) protected recipient mice against intracerebral challenge with DV, whereas the serum obtained after 1 and 2 weeks provided minimum protection. Adoptive intravenous transfer of immune spleen cells obtained from mice 1 to 5 weeks after immunization did not protect recipient mice against even a small dose (1...

The role of antibody and cell-mediated immunity in the resistance to Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection was studied in adult mice. Passively transferred antibodies obtained up to 2 weeks after primary infection protected the recipient mice against a challenge infection with JEV. Antibody obtained at 4 or 5 weeks failed to protect despite the presence of high titres of neutralizing anti...

ion, hydrogen addition or electron transfer, while superoxide anion reacts via only hydrogen abstraction and electron transfer (Section 1.2) (5). Although, hydrogen peroxide and singlet oxygen are classified as ROS, they are not radicals and do not necessarily interact with tissue through radical reactions directly (6). Hence, they are not toxic per se but in presence of free radicals or cataly...

spatial planning in border areas in iran because of long borders and settling more than half ofthe provinces in the country's international borders with neighbouring countries play particular role in the planningsystem. this article aims to clarify the position of border areas spatial planning in the country planning system,identifying its elements, elucidating how these elements relate to othe...