introduction: apgar score evaluation is a common method to evaluate physiological changes of newborns and can help to predict the neonatal life chance. this study was conducted to determine the apgar score of newborns with two methods of vaginal delivery and spinal anesthesia and its relationship with the associated factors in gorgan health care facility. materials and methods: a cross-sectiona...

this review presents a brief outline of our current knowledge of the structure and chemical composition of the outer membrane vesicles (omvs), originating from the surface of gram negative bacteria including their outer membrane proteins and lipopolysaccharides. moreover, the functional roles and applications of omvs in medical research such as omv-based vaccines, omv adjuvants properties, omv ...

background: in many sub-saharan african countries the rate of antenatal care (anc) has been increased but skilled birth attendance rate is still low. the objective of this study was to evaluate the reasons why women prefer home delivery when facility based delivery is available at minimal cost. methods: this study was conducted in northwest nigeria using a qualitative method (phenomenology) amo...

intravitreal injection is the most common approach for drug delivery to the posterior segment in humans. however, following the injection, drugs are rapidly eliminated from the vitreous, with half-lives up to a few days. depending on the rate of clearance from the vitreous, large boluses and frequent administrations may be required to ensure therapeutic levels over an extended period of time. m...

objective (s): transdermal preparations for testosterone are becoming popular because of their unique advantages such as avoidance of first-pass effect, convenience, improved bioavailability, and reduction of systemic side effects. a novel testosterone transdermal delivery system (tdds) was developed using a palm oil base called hamintm (a commercial product) and tested using in vitro and in vi...

objective(s): in this research, zeolite x and zeolite y were used as vehicle to prepare intestine targeted oral delivery systems of indomethacin and ibuprofen. materials and methods: a soaking procedure was implemented to encapsulate indomethacin or ibuprofen within synthetic zeolites. gravimetric methods and ir spectra of prepared formulations were used to assess drug loading efficiencies into...

background: except in emergency cases, all patients should be seen first by a primary healthcare physician who decides whether a referral to secondary care is necessary. the present study examined the reasons for patient self-referral to specialists. methods: a random sample of 1036 individuals was selected from people attending public outpatient clinics and specialists’ offices in the private ...

background: consumer satisfaction is recognized as an important parameter for assessing the quality of patient care services. materials and methods: by using quota sampling method and questionnaire device, 392 mothers were selected who had been hospitalized for cesarean section in the public and private hospitals of tabriz. statistical package for social sciences (spss) version 13, descriptive ...

caesarean section is considered as a major surgery which is accompanied by several complications. the present study aimed to determine the effect of behavioral intention model-based educational intervention on reducing the caesarean section among pregnant women. the present interventional study was conducted on 100 primiparous women in the third trimester of pregnancy who were covered by the he...

abstract background: data was reported in iran in 2013 has shown that almost 42 percent of deliveries in public hospitals and 90 percent in private hospitals were carried out with cesarean section. this high rate of cesarean requires careful consideration. it seems that making decision for cesarean is done under the influence of cultural perceptions and beliefs. so, this study was conducted to ...