Demand response (DR) has many beneficiaries in the electricity market. There are independent players who are interested in DR, which include: transmission system owners, distributors, retailers, and aggregators. In this paper DR is introduced as a tradable commodity that can be exchanged between DR buyers and sellers in a pool-based market which is called demand response exchange (DRX). DRX ope...

1 Introduction Demand response (DR) refers to a set of dynamic demand mechanisms that aim to manage electricity consumption in response to supply-side signals. DR can be used for the purpose of demand regulation (e.g. to maintain voltage and frequency within safety limits) as well as for energy balance (e.g. to shift demand to off-peak periods, to curtail demand during emergency situations, or ...

INTRODUCTION Publicly reported information on the environmental behavior of firms can increase the efficacy of private markets as a mechanism to control environmental malfeasance through liability for harm, consumer demand response, and shareholder reaction. Within the realm of environmental policy, examples exist of both mandatory information disclosure programs such as the EPA’s Toxics Releas...

It is challenging to engage customers in demand response programs, which require significant interventions customers’ normal energy consumption patterns. Moreover, little known about how can be motivated adopt innovations that promote collective benefits. This research investigates the effectiveness of two most basic elements incentive-based policies — reward and punishment with regard customer...

In the deregulated electricity market, demand side participation has become a very important solution to real-time energy balance. Demand response programs are offered by the utility companies to reduce the load on the customer side with monetary incentives when the power demand is high. It is a popular tool used by electricity utilities to manage the supply load and reduce the operating cost. ...

Demand response management has become one of the key enabling technologies for smart grids. Motivated by the increasing demand response incentives offered by service operators, more customers are subscribing to various demand response programs. However, with growing customer participation, the problem of determining the optimal loads to be curtailed in a microgrid during contingencies within a ...