Although in the pulmonary circulation small pressure differences may alter the categorisation of patients, there is no consensus on a standard zero reference level (ZRL). In the supine position, ZRL is mostly set at "5 cm below anterior thorax surface", "1/3 thoracic diameter below anterior thorax surface", "mid-thoracic level" or "10 cm above table level". We retrospectively assessed the dista...

After the spino-thalamic tract has been cut in man, loss of sensation of pain and temperature caudal to the lesion is to be expected. In a small proportion of patients, although analgesia-in the usual sense of the term-is present, painful or thermal stimuli applied to parts of the body caudal to the lesion arouse a sensation, which is felt, not at the place actually stimulated, but in a normall...

BACKGROUND Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) causes several alterations in gastrointestinal function. We hypothesized that levels of three commonly used fecal tests change after RYGB. METHODS Fecal levels of calprotectin, elastase, and alpha-1-antitrypsin were determined in 122 patients without signs of gastrointestinal disease 1 to 2 years after RYGB. Medians, distribution of values, and the p...