Acrolein is a powerful irritant. Due to its highly reactive nature, the effects of acrolein are generally limited to the site of contact; skin, eyes and mucous membranes. Inhalation exposure to low levels (≤ 1 ppm) causes irritation of the eyes, nose and throat. Acute exposures to levels above 1 ppm result in mucous hypersecretion and exacerbation of allergic airway response in animal models. M...

Based on acute and chronic inhalation studies conducted mostly in experimental animals, the target tissue for acetaldehyde has consistently been at the portal of entry with effects occurring primarily in the upper respiratory tract at lowest concentrations. The major noncancer health effects of acute exposure in humans to acetaldehyde vapors consist of irritation to the eyes, skin, and respirat...

The non-cancer adverse health effects of formaldehyde are largely a manifestation of its ability to irritate mucous membranes. As a result of its solubility in water and high reactivity, formaldehyde is efficiently absorbed into the mucus layers protecting the eyes and respiratory tract where it rapidly reacts, leading primarily to localized irritation. Acute high exposure may lead to eye, nose...

Acrolein is a powerful irritant. Due to its highly reactive nature, the effects of acrolein are generally limited to the site of contact; skin, eyes and mucous membranes. Inhalation exposure to low levels (≤ 1 ppm) causes irritation of the eyes, nose and throat. Moderately higher exposures may result in severe lacrimation, and irritation of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. Death d...

CT has become the major source of population exposure to diagnostic X-rays. CT dose index (CTDI) and dose-length product (DLP) have been proposed as the appropriate dose quantities for the establishment of diagnostic reference levels for optimizing patient exposure. Dose measurements on 27 CT scanners in Northern Greece involving six routine CT examinations have been performed in order to compa...

Diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) are critical operational standards for monitoring radiological imaging parameters and ensuring patient safety in hospitals. A regular review of DRLs is necessary to optimize scanners protocol parameters. This retrospective study collected data on the CT dose index volume dose–length product 250 children who underwent head scans region Abu Dhabi, United Arab Em...