spontaneous adrenal hematoma is a very rare condition and its prevalence has been reported to be about 1% in previous studies. although various causes have been proposed to explain its incidence in existing case reports, the etiology and pathology of this condition is still not known. the present study presents a case of spontaneous adrenal hematoma in a pregnant 31 year old woman without histo...

since the mid-19 th century, human activities have increased greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide in the earth's atmosphere that resulted in increased average temperature. the effects of rising temperature include soil degradation, loss of productivity of agricultural land, desertification, loss of biodiversity, degradation of ecosystems, reduced fresh-water resou...

inflammatory bowel disease, coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, tumours, are exam­ples of chronic degenerative diseases that have a high prevalence in developed nations. these chronic-non-communicable dis­eases have multifactorial aetiologies that considered to be caused by the interaction of environmental risk factors with multi­ple predisposing genes. gen...