the square map is one of the functions used in cryptography. for instance, the square map is used in rabin encryption scheme, block cipher rc6 and stream cipher rabbit, in different forms. in this paper, we study statistical properties of the output of the square map as a vectorial boolean function. we obtain the joint probability distribution of arbitrary number of the upper and the lower bits...

The x-ray scattering from liquid copper, silver, tin, and mercury was measured at temperatures of 1125 °C, 1050 °C, 335 °C, and 28 °C, respectively, from the open surface of horizontal samples using a focusing theta-theta diffractometer, quartz crystal monochromator positioned in the dif­ fracted beam, scintillation detector, and pulse height discriminator. The effect on the measured intensitie...

Optimum nuclear parton distributions are determined by an analysis of muon and electron deep inelastic scattering data. Assuming simple A dependence and polynomial functions of x and 1−x for nuclear modification of parton distributions, we determine the initial distributions by a χ 2 analysis. Although valence-quark distributions are relatively well determined except for the small-x region, ant...

We provide an assessment of the impact of parton distributions on the determination of LHC processes, and of the accuracy with which parton distribution functions (PDFs) can be extracted from data, in particular from current and forthcoming HERA experiments. We give an overview of reference LHC processes and their associated PDF uncertainties, and study in detail W and Z production at the LHC. ...

High-energy particles interact through their quark and gluon constituents—the partons. By the asymptotic freedom of QCD, the parton cross sections may be approximated by perturbation theory. Then by the factorization theorem of QCD, the parton distribution functions of hadrons are the link between perturbative QCD and experimental measurements. This theory applies to a variety of high-energy pr...