alternative theoretical perspectives have been presented to explain internationally effective factors affecting immigration. for example, the orthodox explanation of migration is based on the concept of wage differentials as an important factor of international immigration. the world system approach declines to interpret theoretically international migration as a phenomenon between independent ...

Building on three widely accepted premises (productivity gains from the division of labor, efficiency gains derived from the proximity of suppliers and users of certain inputs, the division of labor is limited by the extent of the market) this paper shows that a small, open economy may be caught in an underdevelopment trap in which a shallow division of labor (i.e., a low variety of specialized...

We consider why the gender division of labor is so often enforced by custom and why customary gender divisions of labor generally involve both direction and prohibition. In our formal model, agents first learn skills and then enter the marriage market. We show that wasteful behavior may emerge due to strategic incentives in specialization choice and human capital acquisition and that both probl...

We use digital evolution to study the division of labor among heterogeneous organisms under multiple levels of selection. Although division of labor is practiced by many social organisms, the labor roles are typically associated with different individual fitness effects. This fitness variation raises the question of why an individual organism would select a less desirable role. For this study, ...

Honey bees display a fascinating division of labor among foragers. While some bees solely collect pollen, others only collect nectar. It is assumed that individual differences in sensory response thresholds are at the basis of division of labor. Biogenic amines and their receptors are important candidates for regulating division of labor, because they can modulate sensory response thresholds. W...

As is well known (and seen in a previous post), compilers optimize unsigned division by constants into multiplication by a "magic number." But not all constants are created equal, and approximately 30% of divisors require magic numbers that are one bit too large, which necessitates special handling (read: are slower). Of these 30%, slightly less than half (46%) are even, which can be handled at...

The division of labor is an important component of the organization of human society. However, why this division evolved in hominids requires further investigation. Archeological evidence suggests that it appeared after the emergence of Homo sapiens and contributed to the great success of our species. We develop a mathematical model to investigate under what conditions division of labor should ...

In this paper we propose a mathematical model for studying the phenomenon of division of labor in ant colonies. Inside this model we investigate how simple task allocation mechanisms can be used to achieve an optimal division of labor. We believe the proposed model captures the essential biological features of division of labor in ant colonies and is general enough to study a variety of differe...