CD4(+) T cells are essential to pathogenesis of ocular surface disease in dry eye. Two subtypes of CD4(+) T cells, Th1 and Th17 cells, function concurrently in dry eye to mediate disease. This occurs in spite of the cross-regulation of IFN-γ and IL-17A, the prototypical cytokines Th1 and Th17 cells, respectively. Essential to an effective immune response are chemokines that direct and summon ly...

Sex steroid deficiency has been linked to the development and/or progression of a wide variety of clinical disorders, including cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, obesity, insulin resistance and certain cancers. We hypothesize that sex steroid deficiency specifically that of androgens, may also be a critical pathogenetic factor in the etiology of dry eye syndromes. Dry eye syndromes are a le...

purpose: to evaluate the prevalence and risk factors of dry eye in the patients referred to an eye clinic in birjand, iran. methods: this cross sectional descriptive-analytical study consisted of 600 patients who were referred to the eye clinic of birjand, iran between september 2010 and september 2011. they were given a simple questionnaire about the risk factors of dry eye including the demog...

In this article we review essentials of diagnosis and management of ocular surface disease in patients who undergo cataract surgery. It is clearly shown that dry eye disease worsens following the cataract surgery in patients with prior history of ocular surface disease, Also new cases of dry eye might appear. Current strategies for the timely diagnosis and proper management of dry eye syndrome ...

OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of a topical antagonist to the chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) in a murine model of dry eye disease. METHODS The effects of a topical CCR2 antagonist and a vehicle control treatment were studied in murine dry eyes. A controlled environment chamber induced dry eye by exposing mice to high-flow desiccated air. Corneal fluorescein staining and enumeration of corneal...

BACKGROUND Dry eye is a multifactorial, symptomatic disease associated with ocular surface inflammation and tear film hyperosmolarity. This study was designed to assess patterns of topical cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion 0.05% (Restasis®) use in dry eye patients and determine if there were any differences in use based on whether dry eye is physician-coded as a primary or nonprimary diagnosis. ...

purpose: to report a case of isolated corneal squamous cell intraepithelial neoplasia in a patient with unilateral dry eye symptoms. case report: a 48 year old man presented with history of thermal corneal injury in his left eye two years ago, with decreased visual acuity and dry eye symptoms a short time thereafter. he was treated for dry eye with no improvement in symptoms. upon presentation,...

BACKGROUND Many patients with glaucoma have difficulty using antiglaucoma eye drops because of dry eye symptom. In this prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, we evaluated the effect of Korean Red Ginseng on dry eye syndrome in patients with glaucoma treated with antiglaucoma eye drops. METHODS Forty-nine participants were allocated to the Korean Red Ginseng (3 g/day...

Dry eye syndrome is a common tears and ocular surface multifactorial disease, described by changes in the ocular surface epithelia related to reduced tears quantity and ocular surface sensitivity, leading to inflammatory reaction. Managing the eye inflammation proved helpful to patients with dry eye disease and current treatment is based on the use of topically applied artificial tear products/...