The primordial earth surface exposed minerals comprised mainly of carbonates, silicates and smaller amounts of phosphates. Weathering eventually led to the dissolution of the surface rock and the leaching of their components into the rivers, lakes and oceans. There, complex chemistry depending upon the temperature, pH, pressure, and atmospheric carbon dioxide content led to the reprecipitation ...

Earthquakes can cause tremendous loss of life and property yet predicting the behavior of earthquake fault systems is exceptionally difficult. The Earths crust is complex and earthquakes generate at depth, which is problematic for understanding earthquake fault behavior. Geodetic imaging observations of crustal deformation from Global Positioning System (GPS) and Interferometric Synthetic Apert...

The presence of aluminum in the weathering crust leaching rare earth ore harms subsequent extraction and separation earths. High-quality production processes must reduce content their feed liquid. Groups containing lone pairs electrons can form stable insoluble complexes with metal ions under certain conditions. In this paper, 3-hydroxyphenylphosphoryl propionic acid is used to selectively sepa...

Eruptive sequences can be used as windows into the thermal and chemical evolution of magma chambers. We examined a continuous vertical section of the Baichahe basalt flow associated with the late Cenozoic Chifeng flood basalt in Inner Mongolia, North China. From oldest to youngest, MgO increases, K2O, light rare earths and other incompatible elements decrease, and Nb/La and radiogenic Pb isotop...

Hot super-Earths are exoplanets with masses ≤ 10M⊕ and orbital periods≤ 20 days. Around 8 hot super-Earths have been discovered in the neighborhood of solar system. In this lecture, we review the mechanisms for the formation of hot super-Earths, dynamical effects that play important roles in sculpting the architecture of the multiple planetary systems. Two example systems (HD 40307 and GJ 436) ...

This paper presents the results of investigations volcanic rocks Middle Miocene age in central parts Varadar zone for first time. The that appear Čitakliјa locality, according to their petrological and mineralogical characteristics, represent basic igneous they are transitional between phonotephrites high potassium shoshonites. geochemical distribution trace elements from group rare earths (REE...

Weathered crust elution-deposited rare earth ores are key strategic resources and the main source of medium heavy earths. This paper summarizes development leaching technology ores, compares advantages disadvantages three generations technology, introduces improved heap new leaching–extraction integration enhanced leaching, focusing on weathered ores. In this paper, agents is expounded, researc...

[1] Seismic tomography has revealed two large low shear velocity provinces (LLSVPs) in the lowermost mantle beneath the central Pacific and Africa. The LLSVPs are further shown to be compositionally different from their surroundings. Among several hypotheses put forth in recent years to explain the cause of the LLSVPs, one postulates that they are thermochemical piles caused by accumulation of ...

Trace element signatures of mantle xenoliths along an east-west transect extending from the Sierra Nevada to the Colorado Plateau were investigated in this study. Those beneath the Sierra Nevada are highly enriched in fluid-mobile elements (Cs, Pb, U, and Sr) and, in particular, are characterized by low U/Pb and high Sr/Nd. These signatures imply that aqueous fluids derived by dehydration of se...

Drawing on literature in China studies, strategic theory, and expert interviews, this article analyzes the possibility of "rare earths" being leveraged by the People's Republic of China (PRC) in a crisis. The evidence suggests China's position in the rare earths market could constitute a significant security liability for the United States. It also seems that even if coercion fails to materiali...