Ocean acidification caused by the increased uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide by the oceans is likely to have serious impacts on marine organisms that make shells and exoskeletons from calcium carbonate. The consequences for the provision of marine ecosystem services such as fisheries and services generated by coral reefs are uncertain but potentially severe. In this chapter we set out a fra...

A burgeoning literature has emerged during the last two decades to assess the economic impacts of immigration on host countries. In recent years much research has been done at the national level under the assumption that impacts in open regions may dissipate through adjustment processes such as factor mobility. However, this is ultimately an empirical issue. In this paper we revisit the impacts...

Transportation is one of the most important sectors of Atlantic Canada’s economy. In a sense it is a backbone of the regional economy since it provides means for moving people and freight throughout the region and eventually stimulates regional economic growth and development through national and international trade. However, according to numerous studies, the region is vulnerable to climate ch...

We model government takings of private property, embedding prominent theories of their economic consequences. Random assignment of U.S. judges and the fact that judges make takings precedent in a manner correlated with their race, political party, and prior government advocacy facilitate causal estimates of allowing government takings. Novel data on judicial biographies and takings decisions si...

Executive Summary This Report This report is motivated by the conclusions of EU Council of Environment Ministers of December 4, 2008, asking the European Commission to explore the possibility to consider other factors beyond health and environmental risks, i.e. " socioeconomic benefits and risks and agronomic sustainability " (all covered by the term socioeconomic in this report) in GMO market ...

• To compare benefits and costs. Although we would like to live in a world with perfectly clean air and water, the costs of reaching this goal is beyond most countries. This means comparing the expected benefits of competing investments with the costs of each. Economic analysis, in the form of either benefit-cost analysis or, where benefits cannot be measured (or are not measured), the use of c...

4 We estimate the business interruption (BI) impacts of ARkStorm, a severe winter storm scenario 5 developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and partners. BI stems from loss of building function, lost 6 productivity of agricultural land, and reduced lifeline services. We develop a dynamic computable 7 general equilibrium model of the California economy to perform this economic consequence analysi...

Recent litigation against the major tobacco companies culminated in a master settlement agreement (MSA) under which the participating companies agreed to compensate most states for Medicaid expenses. Here the terms of the settlement are outlined and its economic implications analyzed using data from Massachusetts. The financial compensation to Massachusetts (and other states) under the MSA is s...

OBJECTIVE To estimate the externalities associated with acute poisoning from pesticides. METHODS The probabilities of acute poisoning were estimated according to characteristics of rural properties and cities in the state of Paraná, Southern Brazil. Information about acute poisoning obtained from the 1998-1999 Harvest Forecast Survey was used. The expected costs with poisoning in these proper...

Artificial intelligence (“AI”), a term first coined in 1956, is a branch of computer science that aims to create intelligent machines that work and react like humans.2 At the beginning of the study of AI, British mathematician Alan Turing proposed the true indication of computer intelligence to be when a question‐asker could not distinguish between answers from a human and those from a computer...