Somali upwelling system, the fifth in the world, presents some unique features compared with the other major upwelling systems: 1) it is a Western Boundary Upwelling System located near the Equator and 2) upwelling affects the moisture responsible for monsoon rainfall. The intensity of Somali coastal upwelling during summer was projected for the twenty first century by means of an ensemble of G...

The Ekman divergence around Antarctica raises a large amount of deep water to the ocean’s surface. The regional Ekman transport moves the upwclled deep water northward out of the circumpolar zone. The divergence and northward surface drift combine, in effect, to remove deep water from the interior of the ocean. This wind-driven removal process is facilitated by a unique dynamic constraint opera...

Abstract Quasigeostrophic (QG) theory is of fundamental importance in the study large-scale atmospheric flows. In recent years, there has been growing interest extending classical QG plus Ekman friction layer model (QG–Ekman) to systematically include additional physical processes known significantly contribute real-life weather phenomena. This paper lays foundation for combining two these deve...

The maintenance of new production requires a supply of nutrients to the euphotic zone to offset the loss through biological export. The dynamical supply of nutrients is usually discussed in terms of the vertical transfer from nutrient-rich, deep waters. However, the horizontal transfer is important in regions of downwelling over subtropical gyres, where nutrients may be transported across the i...

We report on the influence of rotation about a vertical axis on heat transport by turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard convection in a cylindrical vessel with an aspect ratio Γ ≡ D/L = 0.50 (D is the diameter and L the height of the sample) and compare the results with those for larger Γ . The working fluid was water at Tm = 40 ◦C where the Prandtl number Pr is 4.38. For rotation rates Ω . 1 rad s−1, corr...

We demonstrate, via simulations of asymptotically reduced equations describing rotationally constrained Rayleigh-Bénard convection, that the efficiency of turbulent motion in the fluid bulk limits overall heat transport and determines the scaling of the nondimensional Nusselt number Nu with the Rayleigh number Ra, the Ekman number E, and the Prandtl number σ. For E << 1 inviscid scaling theory ...