To the editors of health economics review: There is ample evidence on the effects of prices and taxes on heavy drinking, including binge drinking [1]. Experiments on “Happy Hour” discounts in barroom settings have shown that when the price of alcohol decreases, consumption increases, and vice versa [2, 3]. A well-cited meta-analysis of 112 studies (Wagenaar et al., [4]) identified ten studies o...

We measure the Marangoni elasticity of a flowing soap film to be 22 dyne/cm irrespective of its width, thickness, flow speed, or the bulk soap concentration. We perform this measurement by generating an oblique shock in the soap film and measuring the shock angle, flow speed and thickness. We postulate that the elasticity is constant because the film surface is crowded with soap molecules. Our ...

Abstract Household equivalent scale is an index to measure the impact of household demographic characteristics, such as the householder’s age and gender, the number of household members, etc., and plays a significant role in measuring poverty and inequality. By taking into account demographic characteristics differences, this index facilitates the reasonable comparison of households’ welfare,...

The non-differentiability and implicit definition of boundary of production possibility set (PPS) in data envelopment analysis (DEA) are two important difficulties for obtaining directional characteristics, including different elasticity measures and marginal rates of substitution. Also, imposing weight restrictions in DEA models have some shortcomings and misunderstandings. In this paper we ut...

In this paper capacity withholding in an oligopolistic electricity market that all Generation Companies (GenCos) bid in a Cournot model is analyzed and the capacity withheld index, the capacity distortion index and the price distortion index are obtained and formulated. Then a new index, Distortion-Withheld Index (DWI), is proposed in order to measure the potential ability of market for capacit...

one of the main principles of resistance economy, is to support domestic production and limiting imports, especially in sectors where there is the possibility of import-substituting production .this requires adjustment of exact trade policies,and to achieve this, identifying the structure of imports demand function and also price and income elasticity of import demand is necessary.this necessit...

This paper measures the unilateral incentive each of the five largest electricity suppliers in California had to exercise market power in the state’s wholesale market during the four-month period from 1 June to 30 September of 1998, 1999, and 2000. Using the actual bids submitted to the California Independent System Operator’s (CAISO) real-time energy market, I compute the hourly price elastici...

Taking advantage of the opportunities created by the price adjusted performance improvement in IT depends in part on the ability of IT capital to substitute for other inputs in production. Studies in the IS literature as well as most economics training that examine substitution of IT capital for other inputs use the Allen elasticity of substitution (AES). We present a less-well-known measure fo...

Noninvasive vascular function measurement plays an important role in detecting early stages of atherosclerosis and in evaluating therapeutic responses. In this regard, recently, new vascular function measurements have been developed. These new measurements have been used to evaluate vascular function in coronary arteries, large aortic arteries, or peripheral arteries. Increasing vascular diamet...

In inter-subject registration, one often lacks a good model of the transformation variability to choose the optimal regularization. Some works attempt to model the variability in a statistical way, but the re-introduction in a registration algorithm is not easy. In [1], we interpreted the elastic energy as the distance of the Green-St Venant strain tensor to the identity. By changing the Euclid...