Responses of neurons in the primary auditory cortex were compared in gerbils receiving intracochlear electric or acoustic stimulation. Stimuli were trains of periodic electric pulses or of acoustic clicks. Interspersed between intervals of equal length were single intervals which were longer, by some Delta t. The Delta t and the repetition rate of these prolonged intervals were varied. The degr...

In this paper, we apply a real time activity-dependent protocol to study how freely swimming weakly electric fish produce and process the timing of their own electric signals. Specifically, we address this study in the elephant fish, Gnathonemus petersii, an animal that uses weak discharges to locate obstacles or food while navigating, as well as for electro-communication with conspecifics. To ...

The influences of pulsed electric fields on early physiological development in Arabidopsis thaliana were studied. Inside a 4-mm electroporation cuvette, pre-germination seeds were subjected to high-intensity, nanosecond electrical pulses generated using laboratory-assembled pulsed electric field system. The field strength was varied from 5 to 20 kV.cm and the pulse width and the pulse number we...

Positive and negative polarity fast ionization wave discharges in nitrogen and dry air are studied in a rectangular geometry channel over a wide range of time delays between the discharge pulses, s = 10 ms to 25 ls (pulse repetition rates of m = 100 Hz– 40 kHz). The discharge is generated by alternating polarity high-voltage pulses (peak voltage 18–23 kV, pulse duration 50–60 ns). Ionization wa...

OBJECTIVE To determine which mechanisms lead to activation of neurons in the motor cortex during transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with different current directions and pulse waveforms. METHODS The total electric field induced in a simplified model of a cortical sulcus by a figure-eight coil was calculated using the finite element method (FEM). This electric field was then used as the i...

Weakly electric fish are unique model systems in neuroethology, that allow experimentalists to non-invasively, access, central nervous system generated spatio-temporal electric patterns of pulses with roles in at least 2 complex and incompletely understood abilities: electrocommunication and electrolocation. Pulse-type electric fish alter their inter pulse intervals (IPIs) according to differen...

Multilevel inverters have become more popular over the years in electric high power application with the promise of less disturbances and the possibility to function at lower switching frequencies than ordinary two-level inverters. Multilevel inverters has been introduced as static high-power inverters for medium to high voltage applications such as large electric drives, reactive power compens...

While cochlear implants (CIs) usually provide high levels of speech recognition in quiet, speech recognition in noise remains challenging. To overcome these difficulties, it is important to understand how implanted listeners separate a target signal from interferers. Stream segregation has been studied extensively in both normal and electric hearing, as a function of place of stimulation. Howev...

We investigated the effects of a pulsed electric field (PEF) treatment on microbial inactivation and the physical properties of low-fat milk. Milk inoculated with Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, or Lactobacillus brevis was supplied to a pilot-scale PEF treatment system at a flow rate of 30 L/h. Pulses with an electric field strength of 10 kV/cm and a pulse width of 30 μs were applie...

Wire electric discharge machine (WEDM) is spark erosion in unconventional machining technique to cut hard and the conductive material with a wire as an electrode. The blanking die material SKD 11 is a high carbon and high chromium tool steel with high hardness and high wearing resistance property. This tool steel has broad application in press tools and dies making industries. In this research ...