Introduction Electroporation is a technique that applies electric field to transiently permeabilize the cell membrane to deliver impermeant molecules into cells. Due to its wide applications to gene/drug delivery, electroporation has been adapted in microfluidic devices by fabricating microscale electrodes and structures that apply short electric pulses [1-3]. The fabrication of microscale elec...

The analytical studies show that the application of a small solenoidal magnetic field can drastically change the self-magnetic and self-electric fields of the beam pulse propagating in a background plasma. Theory predicts that when omega_{ce} approximately omega_{pe}beta_{b}, where omega_{ce} is the electron gyrofrequency, omega_{pe} is the electron plasma frequency, and beta_{b} is the ion-bea...

A strong inhomogeneous static electric field is used to spatially disperse a rotationally cold supersonic beam of 2,6-difluoroiodobenzene molecules according to their rotational quantum state. The molecules in the lowest-lying rotational states are selected and used as targets for 3-dimensional alignment and orientation. The alignment is induced in the adiabatic regime with an elliptically pola...

During supercontinuum formation in nonlinear fiber the presence of a noise seed on the input laser pulse can lead to significant excess noise on the generated output supercontinuum electric field. We relate pulse-averaged moments of this electric-field noise to the measured RF spectrum of the frequency comb formed by the supercontinuum. We present quantitative numerical results for the intrinsi...

We present a new method to measure the polarization state of a terahertz pulse by using a modified electro-optic sampling setup. To illustrate the power of this method, we show two examples in which the knowledge of the polarization of the terahertz pulse is essential for interpreting the results: spectroscopy measurements on polystyrene foam and terahertz images of a plastic coin. Both measure...

An acceleration element is proposed for compressing the electron pulse duration in a femtosecond photoelectron gun. The element is a compact metal cavity with curved-shaped walls. An external voltage is applied to the cavity where a special electric field forms in such a way that the slow electrons in the electron pulse front are accelerated more than the fast electrons, and consequently the el...

nature photonics | VOL 4 | NOVEMBER 2010 | www.nature.com/naturephotonics Although the electromagnetic spectrum is a continuum, a strong distinction is typically drawn between electronics and optics. This distinction is due, in part, to the very different technologies used for electronics and optics. A further distinction is that electronic devices typically generate and measure electric field ...

At the superconducting linac of FLASH at DESY, we have installed an electro-optic (EO) experiment for singleshot, non-destructive measurements of the longitudinal electric charge distribution of individual electron bunches. The time profile of the electric bunch field is electrooptically encoded onto a chirped titanium-sapphire laser pulse. In the decoding step, the profile is retrieved either ...

The influence of electrical pulse protocol parameters on cell rupture of onion tissues was investigated in order to improve fundamental understanding and to enhance the processing of plant tissues with pulsed electric fields (PEFs). The impact of PEF parameters on cell integrity of 20 mm dia, 4-mm thick disks of Don Victor onions (Allium cepa L.) was determined by ion leakage measurements. Elec...