Introduction:  Electroporation  is  a  technique  for  increasing  the  permeability  of  the  cell  membrane  to  otherwise  non-permeate  molecules  due  to  an  external  electric  field.  This  permeability  enhancement  is  detectable if the induced transmembrane voltage becomes greater than a critical value which depends on the  pulse  strength  threshold.  In  this  study,  the  variabil...

Electric discharge machining is non conventional machining process used for machining of hard materials which cannot machined by conventional machining process. Electric discharge machining is an electro sparking method of metal working involving an electric erosion effect. A pulse discharge occurs in a small gap between the work piece and the electrode and removes the unwanted material from th...

Electric communication has evolved in certain fishes for the purpose of identification, for forming or maintaining social relationships, and for synchronizing behavior. Relatively little is known regarding this communication channel. Among several distantly related groups of fishes, electric signals originate in specialized electric organs, are transmitted as electric currents in water, and are...

One of the ways to increase drug delivery into cells and tissues is by a local application of short, intense electric pulses, i.e., electropermeabilization. This approach is used in electrochemotherapy to potentiate antitumor effectiveness of chemotherapeutic drugs. To determine whether electropermeabilization can potentiate antitumor effectiveness of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (CDDP), el...

Tremor usually occurs in a patient's upper limb with a roughly sinusoidal profile. Understanding the inner mechanism of the involuntary movement is fundamental to improving tremor suppression treatments. Therefore, the musculoskeletal model of the elbow joint was developed in this study. Initially, healthy subjects were selected to simulate tremor and the tremulous data was collected with the p...

Candida lusitaniae is an opportunistic yeast pathogen, which can readily develop resistance to antifungal compounds and result in a complex long-term treatment. The efficient treatment is difficult since structure and metabolic properties of the fungal cells are similar to those of eukaryotic host. One of the potential methods to improve the inhibition rate or the cell permeability to inhibitor...

Femtosecond electron bunches with keV energies and eV energy spread are needed by condensed matter physicists to resolve state transitions in carbon nanotubes, molecular structures, organic salts, and charge density wave materials. These semirelativistic electron sources are not only of interest for ultrafast electron diffraction, but also for electron energy-loss spectroscopy and as a seed for...

The possibility that lightning-mediated horizontal gene transfer (HGT) has contributed to evolution has been raised before [1–5], but not vigorously pursued. Kotnik now thoughtfully argues for doing so [6]. In addition to applauding his presentation, I suggest that estimating the significance of lightning’s contribution to HGT in microbial evolution is fundamentally a quantitative issue. For th...

Sequences of pulsed electric fields have been designed and tested that enable a higher selectivity in the pulsed field ionization of high Rydberg states (n>100) than has so far been possible. The enhanced selectivity originates from the permutation of the parabolic quantum numbers n1 and n2 that is induced by a sufficiently rapid inversion of the electric field polarity during a pulse sequence....