Solutions to Maxwell's wave equation have been derived for the propagation of the fundamental (Gaussian) mode of a laser beam in a fluid electrolyte which is in contact with an active electrode. An electrochemical or photoelectrochemical reaction at the electrolyte-electrode interface is assumed to generate a concentration gradient of the product in the electrolyte, which results in an inhomoge...

Many chemists are not familiar with the problem of the liquid junction potential (LJP) between electrolyte solutions in different solvents. Some even misunderstand it. Therefore, it seems worthwhile to write a review article on this subject. The LJP between electrolyte solutions in different solvents consists of three components: i.e., (a) a component related to electrolyte concentrations and i...

Titanium is a highly reactive metal so that a thin layer of oxide forms on its surface whenever exposed to the air or other environments containing oxygen. This layer increases the corrosion resistance of titanium. The oxide film is electrochemically formed through anodizing. In this study, anodizing of titanium was performed in phosphate-base solutions such as H3Po4, NaH2Po4, and Na2Hpo4 at 9....

Two of the most challenging tasks in molecular dynamics simulation are the simulation of long-range interactions like in electrolyte solutions and the internal degrees of freedom like in hydrogels. Both tasks lead to time consuming simulations with big systems. Therefore, massively parallel high performance computers are needed for both tasks. The first step of the present work was to test and ...

BACKGROUND In the past, several studies have compared different colloidal replacement solutions, whereby the focus was usually on the respective colloid. We therefore systematically studied the influence of the carrier solution's composition of five approved colloidal volume replacement solutions (Gelafundin, Gelafusal, Geloplasma, Voluven and Volulyte) on acid-base as well as electrolyte statu...

A general model has been developed for calculating the static dielectric constant of mixed-solvent electrolyte solutions. For mixtures of solvents without electrolyte components, the model is based on an empirical modification of the Kirkwood theory for multicomponent systems. For systems containing electrolytes, the model takes into account the effects of ions and ion pairs and, therefore, it ...

The water balance and the upper limit of osmotic tolerance of premetamorphic Rhinella arenarum larvae (Gosner's stage 26) was evaluated after semistatic incubation in electrolyte (NaCl) and non-electrolyte (mannitol) media following a protocol of progressively increased osmotic pressure. Wet and dry weights were measured to calculate the water content as a derived variable indicative of the hyd...

A molecular Debye-Hückel theory for electrolyte solutions with size asymmetry is developed, where the dielectric response of an electrolyte solution is described by a linear combination of Debye-Hückel-like response modes. As the size asymmetry of an electrolyte solution leads to a charge imbalanced border zone around a solute, the dielectric response to the solute is characterized by two types...