The total momentum transfer from fast electron beams, like those employed in scanning transmission electron microscopy STEM , to plasmonic nanoparticles is calculated. The momentum transfer is obtained by integrating the electromagnetic forces acting on the particles over time. Numerical results for single and dimer metallic nanoparticles are presented, for sizes ranging between 2 and 80 nm. We...

Small total chirality in the gravitational terms originates from the cancellation of the large rightand left-handed helicity elements. Therefore, the external potential energy for gravity can be very small but finite values, and the distortion of the spacetime axes can occur. That is, gravitational field can originate from the fluctuation of the electromagnetic fields because of the slight pola...

We develop an exact method for computing the Casimir energy between arbitrary compact objects, both with boundary conditions for a scalar field and dielectrics or perfect conductors for the electromagnetic field. The energy is obtained as an interaction between multipoles, generated by quantum source or current fluctuations. The objects’ shape and composition enter only through their scattering...

The potential concept that is successful in classical electrodynamics should also be applicable to the nonlinear electromagnetic forces acting on matter. The obvious method of determining these potentials should be provided by Helmholtz’s theorem. It is found, however, that the theorem fails in most practical instances. Other methods to find the potentials – as pursued in plasma physics – are e...

We demonstrate the application of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) for mapping optical near-fields with nanometer resolution, limited only by the AFM probe geometry. By detecting the optical force between a gold coated AFM probe and its image dipole on a glass substrate, we profile the electric field distributions of tightly focused laser beams with different polarizations. The experimentally reco...

This section of notes discusses some of the fundamental processes involved in electric machinery. In the section on energy conversion processes we examine the two major ways of estimating electromagnetic forces: those involving thermodynamic arguments (conservation of energy) and field methods (Maxwell’s Stress Tensor). But first it is appropriate to introduce the topic by describing a notional...

The electromechanical interaction in electric machines induces additional forces between the rotor and stator. To study this interaction, a simple electromechanical model was developed. The mechanical behaviour was modelled by the Jeffcott rotor. The electromagnetic forces were described by a simple parametric model including two electormagnetic variables. The aim of the study was to investigat...

This paper focuses on temporary fixing systems for microrobotics. Several solutions from the state of the art are presented and compared: solutions based on mechanical bending, electromagnetic elements, electrostatic forces, glues, polymers or Van der Waals forces. From this analysis, we designed and developed a new system based on thermal glue (that permits to exchange the tip part of a microg...

The paper deals with the formulation of a consistent set of governing equations apt to describe the physical phenomenology comprising the hypersonic flow field of an ionized gas mixture and the electromagnetic field. The governing equations of the flow field and those of the electromagnetic field are revisited in sequence and differences or similarities with past treatments are pointed out and ...

In this paper, we have developed an approach for autonomous navigation of single and multiple microrobots under the influence of magnetic fields generated by electromagnetic coils. Our approach consists of three steps. First, we have developed a heuristics based planning algorithm for generating collision-free trajectories for the microrobots that are suitable to be executed by the available ma...