INTRODUCTION: The Langmuir probe is a diagnostic device used to determine several basic properties of a plasma, such as temperature and density. A plasma is a state of matter which contains enough free (not bound to an atom) charged particles (electrons and ions) so that its dynamical behavior is dominated by electromagnetic forces. The subject of plasma physics is concerned mainly with ionized...

New ideas for interactions and particles: This paper examines the possibility to origin the Spontaneously Broken Symmetries from the Planck Distribution Law. This way we get a Unification of the Strong, Electromagnetic, and Weak Interactions from the interference occurrences of oscillators. Understanding that the relativistic mass change is the result of the magnetic induction we arrive to the ...

The gravitational and electromagnetic fields of a moving charged spinning point particle are obtained in the Lorentz covariant form by transforming the Kerr–Newman solution in Boyer–Lindquist coordinates to the one in the coordinate system which resembles the isotropic coordinates and then covariantizing it. It is shown that the general relativistic proper time at the location of the particle i...

As every circuit designer knows, the flow of energy is governed by impedance matching. Classical or quantum impedances, mechanical or electromagnetic, fermionic or bosonic, topological,... To understand the flow of energy it is essential to understand the relations between the associated impedances. The connection between electromagnetism and gravitation can be made explicit by examining the im...

Received ; accepted – 2 – ABSTRACT Maxwell's equations and the equations governing charged particle dynamics are presented for a rotating coordinate system with the global time coordinate of an observer on the rotational axis. Special care is taken in defining the relevant entities in these equations. Ambiguities in the definitions of the electromagnetic fields are pointed out, and in fact are ...

Three theories are outlined to explain the observed forces in fluids. A system-atical analysis, via a number of appropriate experiments with liquids, shows that only one of them is substantially correct. A new method for studying the electrostriction in liquids is presented. Although the technological importance of the electromagnetic forces in fluids seems to be rather secondary, it has been a...

As demonstrated by Chernodub, strong magnetic field forces vacuum to develop real condensates of electrically charged ρ mesons, which form an anisotropic inhomogeneous superconducting state similar to Abrikosov vortex lattice. As far as electromagnetic field behaviour is concerned, this state of vacuum constitutes a hyperbolic metamaterial [1]. Here we demonstrate that spatial variations of mag...

Why does F equal ma in Newton's equation of motion? How does a gravitational field produce a force? Why are inertial mass and gravitational mass the same? It appears that all three of these seemingly axiomatic foundational questions have an answer involving an identical physical process: interaction between the electromagnetic quantum vacuum and the fundamental charged particles (quarks and ele...

Electromagnetic forces are an important tool to control fluid flow in the mold, combined with other casting conditions, nozzle, and mold geometry. Methods include static magnetic fields (local and ruler EMBr), and time-varying magnetic fields, such as electromagnetic stirring, (EMS), multi-mode EMS, electromagnetic level stabilizers (EMLS), and electromagnetic level accelerators (EMLA). Optimal...