introduction: the most important aims of root canal preparation are the removal of vital pulp tissue, remaining necrotic debris and infected dentin, eliminating the bulk of bacteria present in the root canal system. the aim of this study was to compare the cleaning efficacy of hand k-flexofiles and rotary race and k3 instruments in root canal preparation. materials and methods: a total of 60 si...

introduction: the aim of this study was to investigate the scanning electron microscope (sem) analysis of tooth surface irradiated by different parameters of er:yag laser. methods: 15 caries-free extracted human third molars were used in this study. the teeth were put into 5 groups for laser irradiation as follows: group 1 (power: 2.5 w, energy: 250 mj); group 2(power: 3 w, energy: 300 mj); gro...

purpose: to determine the dissection level during deep lamellar keratoplasty (dalk) using the big-bubble technique by light microscopy (lm) and transmission electron microscopy (tem). methods: descemet’s membrane (dm) and stromal tissue of 4 keratoconic eyes were removed because of inadvertent intraoperative dm perforation during dalk which was converted to penetrating keratoplasty. these speci...

chemical hardness (), absolute electronegativity (), and electrophilicity () have importantapplications in inorganic chemistry. these concepts are defined quantitatively as � � �� � ����,� � �� � ����, � � ������where i is the ionization energy and a is the electron affinity. in thisstudy, graphical method was used to see the relation of electron configuration with chemicalhardness, absolute...

In this paper many of the principal struc­ture of the Moral Lung were studied with the help of Electron Microscopy. Detailed descrip­tion was given of Granular Pneumocytes, Membranous Pneumocytes, Macrophages, and Alveolar Capillaries. A discussion followed on the form and function of Granular Pneumo­cytes.  Acknowledgements  I am grateful to the Reza Shah Pahlavi Foundation for its generou...

background: understanding of the incident electron energy and angular distributions from clinical electron accelerators (linacs) is important for dosimetry and treatment planning. the most important goals of this study were to evaluate the energy fluence and angular distributions of electron beams from a neptun 10pc linac using the monte carlo (mc) code. materials and methods: the linac electro...

This guide sheet outlines a method for the analysis of cubic crystal forms, this being useful to you for interpreting the transmission diffraction pattern produced by scattering electrons off a thin film target of polycrystalline aluminium. The apparatus also contains samples with hexagonal structures. These are pyrolytic graphite targets, and are available both as single crystals and in polycr...