from the very beginning of the attempts made to organize electronic commerce in international field, the most important subject has been classification of electronic commerce under any legal systems of the organization, i.e. gatt, gats, trips or a combination of the provisions of the gatt and gats. the hybrid and trips systems did not have the required capacity for the subject matter both theor...

With the end of the Supermarket Revolution in the 1970s, new forms of horizontal, vertical, and geographic competition have appeared to chaflenge the supremacy of the supermarket format. New retail formats like warehouse stores, supercenters, and fast-food outlets appear to affect local retail supermarket prices. Slotting allowances, coupons, and electronic data gathering have intensified retai...

electronic cheque (check) is one of the electronic commercial instruments, which could be transferred in two ways, full electronic (original) check and substituted electronic check. principally, electronic original checks cannot be issued without sufficient funds at the bank and in case of insufficient fund or its the system automatically block it. this type of checks has special legal regulati...

despite many researchers conducted on electronic commerce, few studies have been performed in the field of internet businesses (ibs) with no up-to-date and applicable law. as a result, using library and field study, in one section we state the general rules and regulations governing all ibs, and in the other section we survey appropriative rules and regulations governing every model of ib. prov...

general agreement on trade in services (gats) -as one of the most important agreements of wto- provides some principles and commitments on services such as rail transport services. countries applicants for accession to wto have to correspond their legal and economic structures in the field of this section with gats principles. however, working groups of applicant countries can make some exempti...

in most legal systems, service consumers, as the weaker party to the contract, are covered by protective provisions. due to the particular complexity of electronic funds transactions, consumers need further protection, which should be proportionate with the requirements of this type of transactions. in some countries, such as america, independent regulations have been ratified to protect consum...

electronic commerce as one of the most important of innovation aspects in the process of doing business is used by many organizations and companies in the world. cooperatives as the main part of the country's economy have fundamental role in improving and promoting of economic. therefore, innovation methods and tools, new processes and perform business tasks such as e-commerce will play an impo...