background: this study aims to assess the frequency of some hygienic behaviors that is, tooth brushing and hand‑washing, in iranian school students at national level. methods: this nationwide study was conducted in 2011-2012 among 14,880 elementary, secondary and high school students who were selected by random cluster stratified multistage sampling from 30 provinces in iran. we used the global...

OBJECTIVES To explore school and student characteristics associated with the number of physical education (PE) classes that elementary students received and to determine whether these characteristics and amount of PE were associated with the physical activity (PA) levels of elementary students. METHODS Multi-level modeling with school-level (n = 30) and student-level (n = 2,447) questionnaire...

BACKGROUND Screening of students' health problems could lead to timely prevention and control of many health disorders. This study aimed to determine the nationwide prevalence of common disorders through school health screening program in Iran METHODS This cross-sectional national screening program was conducted in 2007-2008 among first- and third-grade-students in primary schools, first-grad...

OUTREACH EFFORTS DIRECTED toward improving STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) literacy are vitally important to ensure that all of our citizens are prepared to fully participate in an increasingly complex and technology-driven world. Attempts to maximize the effectiveness of STEM outreach have focused on younger populations, targeting high school, middle school, and even e...

Reasoning ability supports the development of mathematics proficiency, as demonstrated by correlational and longitudinal evidence, and yet this skill is not emphasized in traditional elementary mathematics curricula. We propose that targeting reasoning skills from elementary school onward could help more students succeed in advanced mathematics courses. Here, we review the links between reasoni...

objective: the purpose of this study is to provide evidence of validity of the relational and overt aggression questionnaire (roaq) among iranian elementary students. methods: three hundred and forty nine 4th and 5th grade students (ages 9 and 10) participated in this study. participants completed the roaq. the scale consisted of 33 items designed to measure self-report aggressive behaviors for...

Background: School age is a sensitive period in the child growth. Backpack weight has an important impact on physical growth and neuromuscular development of the children. Regarding this, the present study was conducted to determine the ratio of backpack weight to body weight and investigate its relationship with some factors among the elementary school students of Gorgan, Iran, within 2013-14....

Low-achieving students in many school districts are retained in a grade in order to allow them to gain the academic or social skills that teachers believe are necessary to succeed academically. In this paper, we use plausibly exogenous variation in retention generated by a test-based promotion policy to assess the causal impact of grade retention on high school completion. We find that retentio...

The present study examines the relationship among inattentive, and hyperactive-impulsive behavior, aggression, and depression in elementary school and junior high school students. The participants were 3,885 children and their teachers and caregivers. Children's inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive behavior was rated by their teachers and caregivers (ADHD-RS). Children rated aggression (HAQ-C)...