In this J. Roland Folse Invited Lecture in Surgical Education, given before the Association for Surgical Education, a resident considers two challenges for surgery and surgical training: the increasing importance of less invasive technologies, and the growing awareness of the importance of “systems” in care. As less invasive technologies evolve, the role of surgeons is being fundamentally chall...

OBJECTIVE To compare cardiac physical examination with echocardiography for evaluating systolic murmurs. QUALITY OF EVIDENCE Three databases were searched for studies comparing echocardiography and auscultation as to sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy: MEDLINE (Ovid Online), EMBASE, and Current