We estimate within-year price elasticities of demand for detailed health care services using an instrumental variable strategy, in which individual monthly cost shares are instrumented by employer-year-plan-month average cost shares. A specification using backward myopic prices gives more plausible and stable results than using forward myopic prices. Using 171 million person-months spanning 73 ...

introduction: in medical education, ambulatory medicine education especially emergency is the most important part of medical education. aim of this study is the survey of medial students information needs seeking behavior pattern. we expect this study impacts on the clinical education quality, the recognition of students' education needs and better management of patients by medical students. me...

BACKGROUND Emergency departments (EDs) are critical to the management of acute illness and injury, and the provision of health system access. However, EDs have become increasingly congested due to increased demand, increased complexity of care and blocked access to ongoing care (access block). Congestion has clinical and organisational implications. This paper aims to describe the factors that ...

Abstract Covid-19 has sparked calls for a universal basic income as way of coping with demand shock caused by the pandemic. Temporary payments have been part emergency response to This paper questions effectiveness temporary raise demand. Some observers claim that vouchers are better targeted at sectors hit hard people may tendency save than spend from payments. There be stronger case permanent...

nowadays generation capacity in traditional grid depends on fossil fuels and contributes significantly to the increase of pollution emission. in deregulated grids in addition to using demand response programs (drps) to reducing the cost of electricity production, peak clipping and improve reliability use of green plants such as hydro plant, wind plant become widespread. in a smart grid, end use...

PURPOSE The Melbourne Metropolitan Fire and Emergency Services Board (MFESB) was the first fire service in Australia to implement a service-wide emergency medical response (EMR) program in 2001. No additional scientific analysis of the first responder program has been reported since the pilot program. The objective of this study was to report the first 7 years of responses by firefighters as fi...

We propose a maximal covering location problem for helicopter emergency medical service system. In the system, the transportation time of each patient to a hospital depends on both locations of helipads for helicopters to land and take off and hospitals for deploying helicopters. The aim of this paper is to provide an optimal location strategy of both the helipads and the hospitals so as to max...