INTRODUCTION The treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) continues to pose challenges for clinicians and patients. The dramatic rise in T2DM prevalence, which has paralleled the rise in obesity, has strained the healthcare system and prompted the search for therapies that not only effectively treat hyperglycemia, but are also weight neutral or promote weight loss. In most clinical situatio...

Objective(s): Empagliflozin, a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor, possesses verified anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress effects against diabetic nephropathy. The present investigation aims to examine empagliflozin effects on the renal levels of high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1), a potent inflammatory cytokine, and its respective receptor toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) in ...

OBJECTIVE In diabetes, vascular dysfunction is characterized by impaired endothelial function due to increased oxidative stress. Empagliflozin, as a selective sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i), offers a novel approach for the treatment of type 2 diabetes by enhancing urinary glucose excretion. The aim of the present study was to test whether treatment with empagliflozin improve...

SEE PAGE 347 H eart failure develops in more than 1 in 5 patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) older than 65 years of age and augers an extremely poor prognosis, with a median survival of approximately 4 years. The landmark EMPA-REG OUTCOME (Empagliflozin Cardiovascular Outcome Event Trial in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients) showed that empagliflozin significantly reduced the primary composite...

Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have been associated with euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis (eDKA). All reports to date have involved canagliflozin (Invokana; Janssen Pharmaceuticals), with the exception of one case associated with ipragliflozin (1). It has been anticipated that eDKA is a class effect, but no case reports of eDKA with other SGLT2s have been reported. Here, we r...

Cardiovascular safety has to be proven for antidiabetic therapy for type 2 diabetes according to the guidance from regulatory bodies. Recently, the results of the respective study for the sodium-glucose transporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor empagliflozin were published. Unlike similar studies for other antidiabetic agents that proved cardiovascular safety by non-inferiority compared with standard tr...

In their recent articles, Ferrannini et al. (1) and Mudaliar et al. (2) suggest that increased ketonemia, improving heart function, might explain the positive results of the BI 10773 (Empagliflozin) Cardiovascular Outcome Event Trial in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients (EMPA-REG OUTCOME) study. This suggestion perfectly fits with our recently published hypothesis that glucagon could be the key...

PURPOSE The cardiovascular safety outcomes of newer antidiabetic agents were reviewed. SUMMARY Seven randomized, placebo-controlled trials involving patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with or at risk for cardiovascular disease were reviewed. The trials examined the cardiovascular safety outcomes of the following agents: alogliptin, saxagliptin, and sitagliptin (dipeptidyl peptidase-4 [DPP...

Although cardiovascular (CV) mortality is the principal cause of death in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), reduction of plasma glucose concentration has little effect on CV disease (CVD) risk. Thus, novel strategies to reduce CVD risk in T2DM patients are needed. The recently published BI 10773 (Empagliflozin) Cardiovascular Outcome Event Trial in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients (EMPA...