Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV), a flavivirus belonging to the Japanese encephalitis serogroup, can cause severe clinical manifestations in humans. We report a fatal case of MVEV infection in a young woman who returned from Australia to Canada. The differential diagnosis for travel-associated encephalitis should include MVEV, particularly during outbreak years.

The FilmArray meningitis/encephalitis (ME) panel is a novel syndromic, nucleic acid amplification test for diagnosis of acute meningitis and encephalitis. Emerging data on its performance are concerning for false-positive results. We present a case of tuberculous meningitis misdiagnosed as herpes simplex virus-1 encephalitis with the FilmArray ME panel. Strategies to mitigate erroneous results ...

Relapsed herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis after neurosurgery is a very rare condition. An 11-year-old boy suffered from relapsed HSV encephalitis five days after neurosurgery to remove the epileptogenic focus six years after prior HSV encephalitis. He was diagnosed with HSV encephalitis reactivation after positive HSV polymerase chain reaction results following a lumbar puncture, and thi...

The role of Toscana (TOS) virus in producing encephalitis without meningitis is uncertain. We studied 2 cases of TOS virus encephalitis without meningitis by means of nested polymerase chain reaction assay and DNA sequencing. Findings confirm that TOS virus may directly cause encephalitis and suggest the usefulness of DNA sequencing in investigating relationships between TOS virus molecular pat...

Equine herpesvirus 1 replicated in the brains of 2-week-old mice but did not produce fatal encephalitis; it thus simulated the majority of cases of herpes simplex encephalitis in man. This replication was not inhibited by iododeoxyuridine, although in tissue cultures the equine and human viruses were equally susceptible. The continued use of iododeoxyuridine for human encephalitis should be ser...

Powassan virus (POWV) is a rare tick-borne agent of encephalitis in North America. Historically, confirmed cases occurred mainly in the northeastern United States. Since 2008, confirmed cases in Minnesota and Wisconsin have increased. We report a fatal case of POWV encephalitis in Minnesota. POWV infection should be suspected in tick-exposed patients with viral encephalitis.

Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antibody encephalitis is an autoimmune antibody encephalitis with psychiatric symptoms, memory disturbances, seizures and abnormal movements. It is more common in young women. We report a young man diagnosed as anti-NMDA receptor antibody encephalitis and presenting with confusion due to non-convulsive status epilepticus involving unilateral hemisphere.

Figure 1. A, CT scan before empirical therapy for toxoplasmic encephalitis in an HIV-infected patient. B, CT scan 2.5 years later, after immune restoration with highly active antiretroviral therapy and 8 months without maintenance therapy for toxoplasmic encephalitis. Discontinuation of Secondary Prophylaxis for Toxoplasmic Encephalitis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection After Immune Res...

OBJECTIVE Autoantibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and the voltage-gated potassium channel (VGKC) complex are associated with distinct subtypes of limbic encephalitis regarding clinical presentation, response to therapy, and outcome. The aim of this study was to investigate white matter changes in these two limbic encephalitis subtypes by means of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)....

BACKGROUND We present data from 9 years (1999-2008) of tests for Balamuthia mandrillaris, an agent of amebic encephalitis that were conducted as part of the California Encephalitis Project. METHODS Specimens obtained from patients with encephalitis were sent to the California Encephalitis Project for diagnostic testing; a subset of these specimens were tested for Balamuthia species. Tests inc...