Homogeneous wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are organized using identical sensor nodes, but the nature of WSNs operations results in an imbalanced workload on gateway sensor nodes which may lead to a hot-spot or routing hole problem. The routing hole problem can be considered as a natural result of the tree-based routing schemes that are widely used in WSNs, where all nodes construct a multi-ho...

In this paper, a readily deployable trust and energy-aware routing protocol is presented. A distributed trust management system incorporating direct and indirect trust information is used to detect and avoid malicious nodes performing routing attacks as well as attacks threatening the reputation exchange process. Also, the energy-awareness is relied upon to extend the network lifetime. Although...

In Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), the life span depends on the energy consumption of the sensor node, by reducing the energy consumption of each node which in turn increases the lifetime of the network. Clustering is an effective technique to reduce the energy consumption. Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol is the first hierarchical cluster based routing protocol successf...

Routing with energy consideration has paid enormous attention in the field of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). In Some WSNs, some high energy sensors called relay nodes are responsible to route the data towards a base station. Reducing energy consumption of these relay nodes allow us to prolong the lifetime and coverage of the WSN. In this paper, we present a Genetic algorithm based routing sch...