Since wild birds are the major natural reservoir for all known influenza A viruses, understanding the ecology of avian influenza (AI) viruses circulating in wild birds is critical to predicting disease risk in wild and domestic birds and preventing transmission to humans. AI virus which is shed by infected birds into aquatic environments plays a pivotal role in the sustained transmission of AI....

The problem of multiagent patrol has gained considerable attention during the past decade, with the immediate applicability of the problem being one of its main sources of interest. In this paper we concentrate on frequency-based patrol, in which the agents’ goal is to optimize a frequency criterion, namely, minimizing the time between visits to a set of interest points. We consider multiagent ...

The prediction of the environmental conditions in megacities is considered, taking account highways. Modernization smart transportation systems by means monitoring equipment analyzed. An module integrated a system described.

We propose an extended genetic algorithm (GA) with different local environmental conditions. Genetic entities, or configurations, are put on nodes in a ring structure, and location-dependent conditions applied for each entity. Our GA is motivated by the geographic aspect of natural evolution: Geographic isolation reduces diversity group, but at same time, can enhance intergroup diversity. Matin...

Forage age and maturity generally have a larger influence on forage quality than environmental factors. Plant environment, however, cause deviations in forage quality even when harvested at the same maturity. Temperature usually has greater influence on forage quality than other environmental factors. Although increasing temperature normally hastens maturity, the primary effect may be through i...

Tomoka Nakazumi1, Daigo Murai1, Kazuhito Tsukagoshi2, Manabu Kiguchi1* 1 Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 W4-10 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan 2 WPI Center for Materials Nanoarchitechtonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan * Corresponding author: e-mail: ki...

Interactions between environmental conditions and environment-affecting species have not been investigated extensively. In this study, the population dynamics of species yielding regulative feedback between temperature (a representative of environmental condition) and species with a temperature-altering trait was examined. We considered a simple closed model that described the population of two...