This article deals with some adverbs and adverbial constructions expressing epistemic modality in Italian. These forms are commonly considered as fully lexical. It will be shown, though, that they can be compared to grammatical forms, at least to an extent. In fact, on the one hand they are organized in a closed lexical paradigm characterized by semantic complementarity and seemingly eas y to b...

Certainty is an epistemic quality or, as philosophers are used to say, an epistemic modality. It is not easily accounted for as such; but things get even more complicated due to the fact that certainty is often confused with other epistemic modalities. Since I cannot discuss here the quite sophisticated technical treatments of certainty, I focus on disentangling certainty from and relating it t...

Justification Logic is a family of epistemic logical systems obtained from modal logics of knowledge by adding a new type of formula t:F , which is read t is a justification for F . The principal epistemic modal logic S4 includes Tarski’s well-known topological interpretation, according to which the modality 2X is read the Interior of X in a topological space (the topological equivalent of the ...

In [4], Majer and Pelǐs proposed a relevant logic for epistemic agents, providing a novel extension of the relevant logic R with a distinctive epistemic modality K, which is at the one and the same time factive (Kφ → φ is a theorem) and an existential normal modal operator (K(φ ∨ ψ) → (Kφ ∨ Kψ) is also a theorem). The intended interpretation is that Kφ holds (relative to a situation s) if there...

We develop a formal system dealing ‘spatially’ with certain aspects of uniformity and control during knowledge acquisition. To this end, we study an appropriate modality, which is essentially due to Baskent, against the background of dynamic epistemic logic. The new connective turns out to be rather complex, but hybridizing the source language enables us to prove some of the desired fundamental...

This study investigates expressions of propositional modality (epistemic and evidential) in Japanese and Chinese. It aims to highlight some fundamental characteristics of and differences between the modal systems in the two languages. It has been found that adverbs in Chinese play a more important role than adverbs in Japanese in expressing modal meanings. This study has also found that more mo...

Gradable Epistemic Modals (GEMs) such as certain or likely have been analyzed to the semantics of gradable adjectives, which constrain their epistemic modality. This squib analyzes modal use sentential particle qad in Standard Arabic has following puzzling behavior: gives rise certainty/likelihood modality meaning only when it is composed with tense expression its propositional complement. Moda...

This paper reports on a preliminary study on second language (L2) learners’ interlanguage pragmatic (ILP) development in academic written discourse by examining how epistemic modality is used by non-native speaker (NNS) writers compared with NS writers in both native speaker (NS) and NNS corpus data. This study also investigates how NNS writers gradually develop interlanguage pragmatic competen...

Multi-party chat is a standard feature of popular online games and is increasingly available in collaborative learning environments, including epistemic games. However, little is known about the linguistic qualities of group conversation, especially regarding modality of communication. This paper addresses the differences between spoken and typed conversations as high school students interacted...

Media is a means of information that conveys message about problem being experienced. Mass media includes newspapers, magazines, radio, television, blogs on the internet, and others. On there are many versions delivery, one which talk shows. In talkshow, attitude speaker when discussing his opinion through use words, phrases clauses can be analyzed. The analysis in this study focuses Epistemic ...