This paper takes it as a premise that a distinction between matters of fact and of law is important in the causal inquiry. But it argues that separating factual and legal causation as different elements of liability is not the best way to implement the fact/law distinction. It is partly a legal question what counts as a cause-in-fact; and certain liabilitylimiting doctrines under the umbrella o...

That our mental lives are not transparent to us is one of the few Freudian doctrines that has been robustly confirmed by subsequent psychological research. Nevertheless, much work in the philosophy of language, as well as formal work in economics and computer science, assumes various “iteration principles” that can seem to conflict with this psychological truism. By “iteration principles” I hav...

Approximately 3000 million ha of the world’s forests have been classified as productive, and are subject to some kind of management. Considering their environmental and social importance, the managed forest ecosystems are not receiving as much scientific attention as the few remaining unmanaged ones. This is especially true in the growing urban landscapes where managed forest ecosystem provide ...

It is widely held, by social scientists as well as by lay people, that the members of human groups have an "innate" propensity to distinguish between insiders and outsiders, to delineate social boundaries and to develop stereotypes about "the other" in order to sustain and justify these boundaries. If this is indeed the case, ethnicity can be conceived of as being nearly as universal a characte...

Purpose This study aims to excoriate, define and delineate the main drivers of “change” in commercial construction projects generate guidelines on how minimise exposure associated adverse effects upon project stakeholders. Design/methodology/approach The research adopts mixed doctrines through a combination epistemological lenses, embracing two primary philosophical stances: interpretivism, ide...

Abstract Formalism in the philosophy of mathematics has taken a variety forms and been advocated for widely divergent reasons. In Sects. 1 2, I briefly introduce major formalist doctrines late nineteenth early twentieth centuries. These are what call empirico-semantic formalism (advocated by Heine), game Thomae) instrumental Hilbert). After describing these views, note some basic points similar...