The monoclonal antibody 10E4, which recognizes an epitope supposed to contain N-unsubstituted glucosamine, is commonly used to trace heparan sulfate proteoglycans. It has not been fully clarified if the N-unsubstituted glucosamine is required for antibody recognition and if all heparan sulfates carry this epitope. Here we show that the epitope can contain N-unsubstituted glucosamine and that ni...

CD8(+) T cells are important for the control of chronic HIV infection. However, the virus rapidly acquires "escape mutations" that reduce CD8(+) T cell recognition and viral control. The timing of when immune escape occurs at a given epitope varies widely among patients and also among different epitopes within a patient. The strength of the CD8(+) T cell response, as well as mutation rates, pat...

Identification of B-cell epitopes is a fundamental step for development of epitope-based vaccines, therapeutic antibodies, and diagnostic tools. Epitope-based antibodies are currently the most promising class of biopharmaceuticals. In the last decade, in-depth in silico analysis and categorization of the experimentally identified epitopes stimulated development of algorithms for epitope predict...

Recombinant TCRs confer specificity to T cells and trigger their activation. Receptors with Ab-derived binding domains have the advantages of MHC-independent Ag recognition and of targeting a variety of chemically different molecules. We explored the impact of the position of a defined epitope within the target molecule on the efficacy of receptor-mediated T cell activation. T cells were grafte...

Here, we report on the synthesis, conformational analysis, and autoantibody binding properties of new sets of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) specific biotin-peptide conjugates derived from filaggrin epitope peptides. The biotin with or without a linker was attached to the Cit or Arg containing epitope core ((311)TXGRS(315)) or epitope region ((306)SHQESTXGXSXGRSGRSGS(324)) peptide (where X = Cit), t...

Predicting of conformational epitope is one of the major challenge in the field of vaccine design. Several methods have been developed for predicting conformational epitope but that methods have mostly been based on protein sequence and not very effective. This is the first attempt in this are to predict conformational epitope using fuzzy inference system mamdani. The proposed method based on a...

Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) is a major cause of human cancer. Effective prophylactic vaccines are based on type-specific neutralizing antibodies. A major neutralizing epitope has been defined by the monoclonal antibody H16.V5. To investigate the importance of this epitope for overall immunogenicity of HPV-16, HPV-16 virus-like particles devoid of the H16.V5 epitope were engineered by ...

Recently, an HLA-B*3501-restricted cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) epitope in the nucleoprotein (NP418–426) of influenza A viruses was identified, which exhibited a high degree of variability. In the present study, the recognition of epitope variants by human cytotoxic Tlymphocytes (CTL) was investigated. Human CD8+ CTL clones were specific for NP418–426 epitope variants within one subtype of inf...

To investigate possible mechanisms behind HIV-1 escape from CTL, we performed detailed longitudinal analysis of Gag (SLYNTVATL)- and RT (ILKEPVHGV)-specific CTL responses and plasma epitope sequences in five individuals. Among those with CTL against consensus epitope sequences, epitope mutations developed over several years, invariably followed by decay of the CTL targeting the consensus epitop...

We selected a novel biotin-binding peptide for sensing biotin, biotinylated proteins, and nucleotides. From 15-mer library displayed on the RNA coliphage Qβ, 15-amino acid long (HGHGWQIPVWPWGQG) hereby referred to as nanotag was identified selectively bind biotin. The target selection achieved through panning with elution by infection. tested transducer an immunogenic epitope of foot-and-mouth ...