The isolation of arboviruses from patient's low titer sera can be difficult. Here we compared the detection efficiency of Dengue (DEN), Yellow Fever (YF), Saint Louis Encephalitis (SLE), West Nile (WN), Ilheus (ILH), Group C (GC), Oropouche (ORO), Mayaro (MAY) and Venezuela Encephalitis Equine (VEE) viruses using a Modified Shell Vial Culture (MSVC) protocol to a Standard Cell Culture (SCC) pro...

In this paper, we characterize ordered semigroups in terms of fuzzy quasi-ideals. We characterize left simple, right simple and completely regular ordered semigroups in terms of fuzzy quasi-ideals. We define semiprime fuzzy quasi-ideal of ordered semigroups and characterize completely regular ordered semigroup in terms of semiprime fuzzy quasi-ideals. We also study the decomposition of left and...

A survey was conducted from October 1, 1993 to June 30, 1995 to determine the arboviral etiologies of febrile illnesses in the city of Iquitos in the Amazon River Basin of Peru. The study subjects were patients who were enrolled at medical care clinics or in their homes by Peruvian Ministry of Health (MOH) workers as part of the passive and active disease surveillance program of the MOH. The cl...

Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), a mosquito-borne alphavirus, causes periodic epizootics in equines and is a recognized biological defense threat for humans. There are currently no FDA-licensed vaccines against VEEV. We developed a candidate DNA vaccine expressing the E3-E2-6K-E1 genes of VEEV (pWRG/VEE) and performed a Phase 1 clinical study to assess the vaccine's safety, reactoge...

In this paper, we employed bipolar fuzzy set theory to hemi-rings and we popularized notation of bipolar valued fuzzy interior h-ideal, bipolar-valued fuzzy prime h-ideal, bipolar-valued fuzzy semiprime h-ideal, bipolar-valued fuzzy h-bi-ideal and bipolarvalued fuzzy h-quasi-ideal. We also introduced some basic properties and definition of bipolar-valued fuzzy h-ideals of hemi-ring. Then we int...

We present one-dimensional molecular dynamics simulations of a two-species, initially uniform, freely evolving granular system. Colliding particles swap their relative position with a 50% probability allowing for the initial spatial ordering of the particles to evolve in time and frictional forces to operate. Unlike one-dimensional systems of identical particles, two-species one-dimensional sys...

A ring R is called a left APP-ring if the left annihilator lR(Ra) is right s-unital as an ideal of R for any element a ∈ R. We consider left APP-property of the skew formal power series ring R[[x;α]] where α is a ring automorphism of R. It is shown that if R is a ring satisfying descending chain condition on right annihilators then R[[x;α]] is left APP if and only if for any sequence (b0, b1, ....

In previous work, we introduced the quasi-static retry traffic model, which describes the behavior of retry traffic generated by users who are impatient when waiting for a response from the system. In other words, the model describes interactions between users and the system. This interaction can be described in a simple form if it is assumed that the system offers infinitely fast (ideal) proce...

Norwalk-like viruses (NLVs) are a diverse group of single-stranded, nonenveloped, positive-polarity RNA viruses and are the leading cause of epidemic acute gastroenteritis in the United States. In this study, the major capsid gene of Norwalk virus, the prototype NLV, has been cloned and expressed in mammalian cells using a Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) replicon expression system. Upon in...