Two groups of four dairy cows (Bos taurus) were infected subcutaneously with the epizootic Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus (VEE) strains MF-8 and San Pelayo, respectively. Animals experienced no clinical illness, but all developed significant neutropenia. Virus was recovered once each from the blood of three animals but did not exceed 10(2.2) SMICLD(50) (Suckling mouse intracerebral l...

Column chromatography of selected Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) viruses on calcium phosphate gel offered a simple and reproducible method for examination of biochemical characteristics and relatedness of strains within the VEE complex. Members of antigenic subgroup I demonstrated a series of elution profiles within a narrow range of 0.22 to 0.25 M phosphate buffer. Members of antige...

Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus was isolated in 1993, 1994, and 1995 from human cases of acute, undifferentiated, febrile illness in the Peruvian Amazon Basin. Two virus isolates were recovered in 1994 from Peruvian soldiers at a jungle outpost near Pantoja in northern Peru, and 10 isolates were obtained from military personnel and civilians in 1993-1995 in Iquitos, an urban center i...

The VEE complex of viruses includes six antigenic subtypes (I–VI). Within subtype I there are five antigenic variants (variants AB–F). Originally, subtypes I-A and I-B were considered to be distinct variants, but they are now considered to be identical (I-AB). Antigenic variants I-AB and I-C are associated with epizootic activity in equids and human epidemics. Historically, severe outbreaks hav...

the set of all non-increasing non-negative integer sequences $pi=(d_1‎, ‎d_2,ldots,d_n)$ is denoted by $ns_n$‎. ‎a sequence $piin ns_{n}$ is said to be graphic if it is the degree sequence of a simple graph $g$ on $n$ vertices‎, ‎and such a graph $g$ is called a realization of $pi$‎. ‎the set of all graphic sequences in $ns_{n}$ is denoted by $gs_{n}$‎. ‎the complete product split graph on $l‎ ...

In 1962, Eugene P. Wigner [in Philosophical Reflections and Syntheses (Springer, Berlin, 1995), p. 247] introduced a thought experiment that highlighted the incompatibility in quantum theory between unitary evolution wave function reduction measurement. This work resulted class of experiments often called Wigner's friend scenarios, which have been providing insights over many frameworks interpr...

In this article we consider the linear filtering problem in continuous-time. We develop and apply multilevel Monte Carlo (MLMC) strategies for ensemble Kalman-Bucy filters (EnKBFs). These can be viewed as approximations of conditional McKean-Vlasov-type diffusion processes. They are also interpreted continuous-time analogue \textit{ensemble Kalman filter}, which has proven to successful due its...