Particle emissions are a drawback of rail transport. This work is a comprehensive presentation of recent research into particle emissions from rail vehicles. Both exhaust and non-exhaust particle emissions are considered when examining particle characteristics such as PM10, and PM2.5 concentration levels, size, morphology, composition, as well as adverse health effects, current legislation, and...

This paper is concerned with the mathematical analysis of emissions markets. We review the existing quantitative analyses on the subject and introduce some of the mathematical challenges posed by the implementation of the new phase of the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme as well as the cap-and-trade schemes touted by the U.S., Canada, Australia, and Japan. From a practical point of view,...

The European union funding for job creation and a sustainable and healthy EU economy and environment is channelled through the five EU structural and investment funds. Although there is EU categorization system for EU projects, EU countries apply their own different categorization systems. Some EU countries already apply European categorization system, but many do not. As a result, many project...

I study the role of culture in firms’ compliance decisions context EU Emissions Trading Scheme, an international regulation implemented multiple countries with different levels cultural indicators. To probe causality, look within and exploit differences locations central headquarters multinational firms. Using trust as a main indicator, this exercise reveals that installations owned by firms he...

Studies have shown that complex institutional structures often impede democratic accountability by obscuring 'clarity of responsibility'. As an emerging federal system, the European Union (EU) divides decision-making powers between multiple levels of government. Yet little is known about whether European citizens attribute responsibility accordingly. In other words, do they hold the European Un...

Abstract The European Commission has proposed to extend the Union (EU) emissions trading system 50% of carbon dioxide from intercontinental maritime voyages that start or end at ports. Yet, it remains unclear why this ‘fifty–fifty’ scope was selected and whether is compatible with international law. This article disentangles proposal's rationale maps EU's jurisdictional possibilities limitation...

background and objectives: novel probiotics and prebiotics designed to modulate the gut microbiota for improving health outcomes are in demand as the importance of the gut microbiota in human health is revealed. a review of the scientific literature regarding the current knowledge and novel species and novel oligosaccharides for the treatment of dysbiosis-associated diseases has been carried ou...