• This Issue Brief examines the cost of health insurance and health care expenses in retirement. It examines recent trends in private-and public-sector retiree health benefits and the impact of these trends on current and future retirees. It also presents options that retirees currently have to supplement the Medicare program, and provides estimates of how much those options will cost current a...

The welfare system is a critical aspect of any society, aimed at providing assistance and support to individuals families in need. main objective examine Vietnam's expenses population trends between 2011 2018 understand the challenges opportunities effective programs. Ratio Indicator analysed using averages, means, growths, coefficients, other means. results show that total have been increasing...

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Infectious disease physicians (IDPs) play a major role in patient care, infectious disease control, and antibiotic use in hospitals. The aim of this research is to explore the effects of employment of IDPs on patients' prognosis and the related medical and antibiotic expenses in hospitals. METHODS This population-based study provides evidence-based information on IDPs' cont...

OBJECTIVES To provide the first nationally representative data on total health care expenses, out-of-pocket health care expenses, and information on the extent to which out-of-pocket expenses are financially burdensome for families of children with special health care needs (CSHCN). To also compare utilization and expenditure patterns for children with and without special health care needs. D...

Using unique data on the Irish loan funds, a nineteenth-century system of quasi-banks, we show that higher levels of uncontrolled capital, where there is no residual claimant, lead to higher wages. The loan funds relied on deposits, as well as donations and accumulated profits, to finance their lending. We examine the effect of different levels of deposits and capital on managerial salaries and...

The objective of this study was to take a closer look at defense-related expenses for medical malpractice cases over time. We conducted a retrospective review of medical malpractice claims reported to the Physician Insurers Association of America's Data Sharing Project with a closing date between January 1, 1985 and December 31, 2008. On average a medical malpractice claim costs more than $27,0...

The insurance industry is known to have high operating expenses in the financial services sector. Insurers, investors and regulators are interested in models to understand the behavior of expenses. However, the current practice ignores skewness, occasional negative values as well as their temporal dependence. Addressing these three features, this paper develops a longitudinal model of insurance...