The rates at which the sulfhydryl groups on each chain of hemoglobin fi4 react with N-ethylmaleimide and iodoacetate have been measured. The sulfhydryl group at position 93 reacts with both alkylating agents at approximately the same rate as normal liganded hemoglobin. The sulfhydryl group at position 112, which is not available in normal hemoglobin, reacts in hemoglobin f14 and does so much mo...

This paper investigates the two way relationship between R&D and export activity. In particular, we concern ourselves with the question whether R&D stimulates exports and, perhaps more importantly, whether export activity leads to increasing innovative activity in terms of R&D (learning by exporting). We use two unique firm level databases for Great Britain and the Republic of Ireland and compa...

Ekonomide belirsizlik, dış ticaret ve döviz kuru gibi makro ekonomik değişkenler üzerinde etkili olabilmektedir. Küreselleşmenin ilerlemesi ekonomilerin karşılıklı bağımlılığının artmasıyla birlikte uluslararası ticaret, ekonomide yaşanan belirsizlik ortamından güçlü bir şekilde etkilenmektedir. Literatürde ekonomi politika belirsizliğinin üzerindeki etkilerine ilişkin tam olarak görüş birliği ...

This paper investigates the effect of Internet technology on how firms access export markets directly or via intermediaries. Empirical evidence suggests that technology diffusion is geographically localised, with knowledge spillovers from neighbouring adopters decaying quickly over short distances. To address the potential endogeneity of Internet adoption, I construct an instrument that capture...

In this paper we examine the joint performance of FDI and trade under a full liberalization process consistent with New Trade Theory models. The testing framework consists of the estimation of demand for exports and imports of manufactured goods for a panel containing the majority of the EU countries as well as the US and Japan. The model includes as explanatory factors, not only the traditiona...

Chinese processing trade has grown considerably as firms have adopted a wide array of organizational forms to have their products assembled in China for export. To understand the coexistence of processing via foreign investment versus multiple forms of outsourcing, we modify Grossman and Helpman’s (2004) of managerial incentives to account for the economic costs associated with various firms’ i...

Growth, Inequality and Poverty Relationships This paper examines the causal relationship between inequality and a number of macroeconomic variables frequently found in the inequality and growth literature. These include growth, openness, wages, and liberalisation. We review the existing cross-country empirical evidence on the effects of inequality on growth and the extent to which the poorest i...

There is extensive empirical evidence pointing to the existence of sunk costs to exporting. Only higher productivity firms can profitably cover these and enter export markets. This is the standard explanation for the regularity with which econometric analyses reports that exporters are more productive than non-exporters. But what happens to their productivity trajectory once they have entered? ...

Trade models typically assume trade distortions (such as tariffs or trade costs) are constant across firms. We consider distortions that vary across firms and measure the gains from reducing dispersion in trade distortions. First we use a standard model to solve for the reduction in the mean that is welfareequivalent to any given reduction in variance, and show that the mean-variance tradeoff i...

This paper evaluates the research that has taken place on intra-industry trade (IIT) since the publication of Grubel and Lloyd’s pioneering volume on the subject in 1975. The evaluation of the development of the literature is organised around the themes of measurement, explanation and policy. The paper identifies significant progress on all these themes. We now have a robust theoretical framewo...