ion path to follow in the Factor Hierarchy and how abstractly to characterize a distinguishing factor. One wants to characterize a distinction broadly enough to take advantage of all relevant contrasting and corroborating factors. One also wants to focus on distinctions that hold up at more abstract levels and avoid characteriziations so broad as to destroy the contrast or allow obvious objecti...

We report the discovery of a new factor for each of the Fermat numbers F13, F15, F16. These new factors have 27, 33 and 27 decimal digits respectively. Each factor was found by the elliptic curve method. After division by the new factors and previously known factors, the remaining cofactors are seen to be composite numbers with 2391, 9808 and 19694 decimal digits respectively.

This paper surveys recent developments in the literature on trade facilitation, defined broadly as reform of non-tariff barriers. The paper looks at what trade facilitation is, why it matters, how to measure it, the gains from reform, and ways to implement it at the global, regional and unilateral level. JEL Classification: F13, F15.

Current research on antidumping suggests a number of channels through which antidumping affects the volume of world trade. This paper uses a structural approach to the gravity model framework to evaluate these hypotheses using data on trade volume over the period 1960-2001. We conclude that the volume and welfare effects have been negative, but quite modest. JEL classification: C230; F14; F15

This research is focused on increasing the reliability of Fe-11Al-Mn by combining properties Mn and superiority Fe-Al-C under cryogenic temperature. Three alloys with compositions 15 wt % (F15), 20 (F20), 25 (F25) were investigated. The process uses liquid nitrogen in a temperature range 0–196 °C. Hardness testing using Vickers method SEM was used to analyze microstructure. X-ray diffraction (X...

We examine the relationship between real and financial integration. Real integration is measured by productivities of capital and labor from trade data for 1982 to 1997. Financial integration is measured by the black market exchange rate. We find more evidence of convergence to equality for returns to capital than for returns to labor. There is some support for associating the convergence of bl...