The use of skin fairness products that frequently contain toxic ingredients is associated with significant adverse health side effects. Due to the high prevalence of use in Asian and African countries, skin fairness product use is recognized as a growing public health concern. The multi-million-dollar skin fairness product industry has also been criticized for perpetuating racism and social ine...

We develop a set of five axioms for fairness measures in resource allocation: the axiom of continuity, of homogeneity, of saturation, of partition, and of starvation. We prove that there is a unique family of fairness measures satisfying the axioms, which is constructed and then shown to include Atkinson’s index, αfairness, Jain’s index, entropy, and other “decomposable” global measures of fair...

As flows of traffic traverse a network, they share with other flows a variety of resources such as links, buffers and router CPUs in their path. Fairness is an intuitively desirable property in the allocation of resources in a network shared among flows of traffic from different users. While fairness in bandwidth allocation over a shared link has been extensively studied, overall end-to-end fai...

Our objective is to use information on the vehicles approaching an intersection to control the traffic signal. Recent work in this area has used this information to minimize the average delay of vehicles controlled by the signal. We demonstrate that, when there are significant differences in the volume of traffic approaching from different directions, the average delay of the vehicles in the lo...

Objectives: Discussions of fairness in criminal justice risk assessments typically lack conceptual precision. Rhetoric too often substitutes for careful analysis. In this paper, we seek to clarify the tradeoffs between different kinds of fairness and between fairness and accuracy. Methods: We draw on the existing literatures in criminology, computer science and statistics to provide an integrat...

This paper gives a new definition of general weighted (GW) fairness and shows how this can achieve various fairness definitions, such as those mentioned in the ATM Forum TM 4.0 specifications. The GW fairness can be achieved by calculating the ExcessFairshare (weighted fairshare of the left over bandwidth) for each VC. We show how a switch algorithm can be modified to support the GW fairness by...

The notion of completion has been proposed by Francez et al. to transform a non-equivalence-robust fairness notion to an equivalence-robust one while maintaining several properties of the source. However, a completion may not preserve strong-feasibility|a necessary and suucient condition for a completion to be imple-mentable. In this paper, we study the system requirement for a completion to be...