BACKGROUND Among the challenges encountered during the care of patients at the end-of-life (EOL), eliciting preferences of patients with whom there is no ability to communicate is common and stressful for all those concerned and charged with patient care. Legal facilities available include patient delegation of proxy decision-makers (PDM) prior to communication incapacity. We sought to estimate...

review of iran’s experiences regarding health following islamic revolution suggests that two major events influenced on health system structure; establishment of primary health care (phc) [1] and integration of medical education in former ministry of health and formation of ministry of health and medical education (mohme). [2] both of these important developments began in the first decade after...

An increased understanding of embryogenesis has advanced our fundamental knowledge of limb anomalies. Animal models with similar limb patterning have been used to dissect and manipulate crucial signaling centers that affect limb development and orientation. Experimental embryologists can produce limb anomalies that are similar to the human phenotype encountered in clinical practice. The evaluat...