Spatial variation of material structures is a principal mechanism for creating and controlling spatially varying material properties in nature and engineering. While the spatially varying homogenized properties can be represented by scalar and vector fields on the macroscopic scale, explicit microscopic structures of constituent phases are required to facilitate the visualization, analysis and ...

The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the view of USAID. DEDICATION The late Leah Muuya (died December 2000) has left an invaluable imprint in the struggle to free young girls from the practice of Female Genital Mutilation. As Maendeleo Ya Wanawake Organisation's (MYWO) Programme Officer for Harmful Traditional Practices, Leah spearheaded activiti...

In this work, an implicit algorithm is used for analyzing the free dynamic behavior of Functionally Graded Material (FGM) plates. The Third order Shear Deformation Theory (TSDT) to develop proposed model. contribution, formulation written without any homogenization technique as rule mixture. Hamilton principle establish resulting equations motion. For spatial discretization based on Finite Elem...

The concept of functionally graded material (FGM) is currently actively explored in coating design for the purpose of eliminating the mismatch of thermomechanical properties at the interfaces and thus increasing the resistance of coatings to functional failure. In the present paper, three-dimensional elastic deformation of a functionally graded coating/substrate system of finite thickness subje...

Female genital mutilation (FGM) is the partial or total removal of the female external genitalia or other deliberate injury to the female genital organs, either for cultural or non-therapeutic reasons. This barbaric act is accompanied by a variety of complications ranging from hemorrhage, fracture, infective complications, gynetresia, with its attendant sexual and obstetric difficulties, and de...

The prevalence of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) in Nigeria is on the rise, although practice has no known medical/health benefits. This study aims to assess FGM/C’s effect breastfeeding outcomes and identify role women’s attitudes their access healthcare services these relationships. Associations between FGM/C were measured using multi-logistic regression. About 32% women underwent ...

Background: Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) is a global public health problem associated with an increased risk of physical, sexual, and mental consequences. Surgical healthcare intervention may alleviate negative consequences related to FGM/C. In this review, we aim offer overview documented effects surgical interventions after FGM/C, from the perspectives both providers (HCPs) perfo...

Background: Female genital mutilation (FGM) practice is mostly carried out by traditional circumcisers, who often play other central roles in communities, such as attending childbirths. Increasingly, FGM is also performed by health care providers. However, FGM is recognized internationally as a violation of the human rights of girls and women. The study investigates a broad cross-cultural study...

free vibration of simply supported circular cylindrical shell made of functionally graded material (fgm) under internal pressure was investigated. the effective material properties are assumed to vary continuously along the thickness direction according to a volume fraction power law distribution. first order shear deformation theory based on love's first approximation theory was utilized in th...

It is estimated that around 130 million women and girls worldwide have undergone female genital mutilation (FGM), with a further 2 million girls thought to suffer the same fate every year. In general FGM is thought to occur mainly in 28 African countries, although the practice has been recognised in Asia and the Middle East. The practice comprises all procedures that involve partial or total re...