BACKGROUND Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a harmful practice prevalent in 35 countries, mainly in Africa, as well as in some Middle Eastern countries and a few Asian countries. FGM comprises all procedures that involve partial or complete resection of, or other injury to, external female genitalia for non-medical reasons. The practice of FGM has spread to Western countries due to migration....

more likely than those without FGM to have adverse obstetric outcomes. Moreover, the risk of an adverse outcome increases with more extensive FGM (see FGM types on page 3). This information is important for healthcare providers looking after women with FGM during childbirth. FGM remains a pressing human rights and a public health issue. It is expected that reliable evidence about its harmful ef...

BACKGROUND Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) is a harmful traditional practice deeply rooted in 28 Sub-Saharan African countries. Its prevalence in The Gambia is 76.3%. The objective of this study was to gain precise information on the long-term health consequences of FGM/C in The Gambia as well as on its impact on delivery and on the health of the newborns. METHODS Data were collecte...

BACKGROUND The practice of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is common in several African countries and some parts of Asia. This practice is not only a violation of human rights, but also puts women at risk of adverse health outcomes. This paper analysed the trends in the prevalence of FGM in Burkina Faso and investigated factors that are associated with this practice following the enactment of a...

In this paper, several analyses were conducted to investigate the buckling behavior of Functionally Graded Material (FGM) thin plates with various circular cutout arrangements. The computer model was simulated using Finite Element (FE) software ABAQUS. developed validated by authors in previous research. A parametric analysis employed effect plate thickness and diameter on FGM plates. normalize...

1. Abstract Equations governing the behavior of rectangular plates made of functionally graded materials (FGMs) are determined in this paper using the variational approach. Derivation of such equations is based on Reissner–Mindlin plate theory that is extended to handle two-constituent material distribution through the thickness. Material properties are assumed to vary with the power law in ter...

Purpose: Egypt has the highest prevalence of chronic Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections and also a high prevalence of female genital mutilation (FGM). The high prevalence chronic hepatitis C has been attributed to HCV transmission by contaminated injections for the control of schistosomiasis. HCV infection has not been well studied in the context of female genital mutilation (FGM). We sought to...

BACKGROUND Female genital mutilation (FGM) usually undertaken between the ages of 1-9 years and is widely practised in some part of Africa and by migrants from African countries in other parts of the world. Laws prohibit FGM in almost every country. FGM can cause immediate complications (pain, bleeding and infection) and delayed complications (sexual, obstetric, psychological problems). Several...