Combined effect of ciprofloxacin (Ci) and amoxycillin (Ax) has been studied in vitro against 12 clinical isolates of S. typhi that showed Ci minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of > or =1 microg/ml. By agar dilution method, MIC values of Ax were 10-16 microg/ml for 11 isolates and 0.5 microg/ml for the remaining one isolate. The isolates, when treated with Ci and Ax in combination, showed fr...

Intracellular drug exposure is influenced by cell- and tissue-dependent expression of drug-transporting proteins and metabolizing enzymes. Here, we introduce the concept of intracellular bioavailability (Fic) as the fraction of extracellular drug available to bind intracellular targets, and we assess how Fic is affected by cellular drug disposition processes. We first investigated the impact of...

Fentanyl-induced cough (FIC) should be effectively prevented in patients requiring stable induction of general anesthesia. Our study was to evaluate the suppressive effects of different doses of intravenous dezocine on FIC during the induction of general anesthesia. A total of 400 patients of American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I and II were randomized into four groups (...

Compressing an image is significantly different than compressing raw binary data. For this different compression algorithm are used to compress images. Fractal image compression (FIC) has been widely used to compress the image. Apart from FIC, their also exist another algorithm well known as Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT). Wavelet transform are very powerful compared to other transform becaus...

Mateus, A. 2016. Intracellular unbound drug concentrations. Methodology and application for understanding cellular drug exposure. Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Pharmacy 211. 69 pp. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. ISBN 978-91-554-9496-4. Most known drug targets and metabolizing enzymes are located inside cells. Interactions with these prote...

Fluoxetine (FLX), a P-glycoprotein inhibitor with antimalarial activity, is promising candidate for reversing chloroquine/mefloquine (CQ/MQ) resistance. The Dd2 strain of CQ- and MQ-resistant Plasmodium falciparum was synchronized and assayed with various concentrations of CQ/MQ individually and in combination with FLX or verapamil (VPL). Our results indicated the 50% inhibitory concentration v...

Large scale gene mapping efforts in domestic animals have generated and mapped a large number of genetic markers that are useful for mapping quantitative trait and disease loci and for DNA diagnostic purposes such as parentage testing. Marker polymorphism is an important criterion for selecting genetic markers in planning experiment for mapping quantitative trait loci or for DNA diagnostic purp...

BACKGROUND Feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC) is a common lower urinary tract disorder of domestic cats that resembles interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS) in humans. Diagnosis of FIC is based on clinical signs and exclusion of other disorders because of a lack of specific pathologic findings or other objective biomarkers. Cytokines are potential noninvasive biomarkers to defin...

This paper proposes a novel Bayesian approximation inference method for mixture modeling. Our key idea is to factorize marginal log-likelihood using a variational distribution over latent variables. An asymptotic approximation, a factorized information criterion (FIC), is obtained by applying the Laplace method to each of the factorized components. In order to evaluate FIC, we propose factorize...