BACKGROUND Plain radiography is the first choice for diagnosis and monitoring of knee-osteoarthritis (OA) while, Kellgren-Lawrence score (KL) is most widely used to grade OA severity. However, incompetency for reproducibility of joint space measurement in longitudinal assessment and non-linearity of KL-score system, limits radiography-based early diagnosis of the disease. Glycosaminoglycan (GAG...

We prove an asymptotic relationship between the grade-two fluid model and a class of models for non-Newtonian fluids suggested by Oldroyd, including upper-convected lower-convected Maxwell models. This confirms earlier observation Tanner. provide new interpretation temporal instability negative coefficients. Our techniques allow simple proof convergence steady to Navier–Stokes as α→0 (under sui...