The purpose of protective clothing and other personal protective equipment (PPE) is to provide escape time, to reduce the burn injury level, and to prevent aggravation of the consequences to workers during exposure to an electric arc. In this study the flammability properties of 12 different types of flame-retardant fabrics were compared with the normally used flame spread test method (EN 532:1...

Due to its environmentally benign character, supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) is considered in green chemistry, as a substitute for organic solvents in chemical reactions. In this paper, an innovative approach for preparation of flame retardant cotton fabric was obtained by utilizing supercritical carbon dioxide with co-solvent. A novel phosphorusnitrogen containing piperazine derivative, t...

It is difficult to realize flame retardancy of epoxy without suffering much detriment in thermal stability. To solve the problem, a super-efficient phosphorus-nitrogen-containing reactive-type flame retardant, 10-(hydroxy(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl)-5,10-dihydrophenophosphazinine-10-oxide (HB-DPPA) is synthesized and characterized. When it is used as a co-curing agent of 4,4'-methylenedianiline (DD...

Fabric flammability is a surface-confined phenomenon: in fact, the fabric surface represents the most critical region, through which the mass and heat transfers, responsible for fueling the flame, are controlled and exchanged with the surroundings. More specifically, the heat the fabric surface is exposed to is transferred to the bulk, from which volatile products of thermal degradation diffuse...

Using Raman spectroscopy without any preparation, we analyzed the brominated flame retardant, polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDEs), which has been prohibited by the European Union. The typical Raman bands of PBDEs, which are clearly different from those of other brominated flame retardants, are from 100 to 300 cm(-1). In our analysis, the detection limit was about 100 ppm, and the analysis took abo...

Hydromagnesite occurrences in British Columbia have been recognized since the beginning of the 19th century (Reinecke, 1920; Young, 1915). However, the known occurrences of hydromagnesite are too small to compete with the large sparry magnesite deposits in British Columbia (Grant, 1987; Simandl et al., 1996 a,b and Simandl, 2000) as potential sources of raw materials for the production of indus...