A review of the literature suggests that few studies use formative indicator measurement models, even though they should. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to (a) discuss the distinction between formative and reflective measurement models, (b) develop a set of conceptual criteria that can be used to determine whether a construct should be modeled as having formative or reflective indic...

Despite the calls for establishing theory-driven multidimensional formative conceptualization and operationalization of information systems (IS) usage, social media usage is conventionally modeled as a unidimensional reflective construct. Built on the conceptualization of IS usage and perspectives of the formative construction, this study develops an aggregate formative model of social media us...

After providing key definitions well as substantial supportive evidence for the instructional process under consideration, this analysis identifies a serious shortcoming in way that many U.S. educators are currently encouraging teachers' adoption of formative-assessment process--a teaching approach informed by students' en route test performances during instruction. identifying basics formative...

Much work has been done in recent years on formative assessment and the importance of using feedback loops to close the gap between actual and desired student performance. In this paper, I suggest that as the formative assessment movement expands beyond its Western base, the experience of the English language teaching profession has some useful insights to offer. The profession has had long exp...

This paper harnesses collaborative annotations by students as learning feedback on online formative assessments to improve the learning achievements of students. Through the developed Web platform, students can conduct formative assessments, collaboratively annotate, and review historical records in a convenient way, while teachers can generate formative assessments, manage collaborative annota...

Finding effective ways of improving university quality assurance requires, as well, a retraining of the staff. This article illustrates an Online Programme of Excellence Model (OPEM), based on the European quality assurance model, for improving participants’ formative programme standards. The results of applying this OPEM indicate the necessity of quality policies that support the evaluators’ c...

BACKGROUND The use of objective structured clinical examination in pediatrics is not common in undergraduate evaluation process. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of objective structured clinical examination as compare to conventional examination as formative assessment tool in Pediatrics. METHODS We conducted a cross sectional comparative study in defined population of 9th semester M...

BACKGROUND The objective of this paper is to outline the formative research process used to develop the MOTIF mobile phone-based (mHealth) intervention to support post-abortion family planning in Cambodia. METHODS The formative research process involved literature reviews, interviews and focus group discussions with clients, and consultation with clinicians and organisations implementing mHea...

− A new system of curriculum evaluation of formative assessment has been established in secondary education system in China for seven years. Attention has been given to teaching and learning as a meaning making interactive process rather than summative result of assessment. In the English teaching area, instead of using solely summative assessment, teachers are asked to give students formative ...

BACKGROUND Exams in anatomy courses are traditionally summative. Formative testing induces retrieval practice, provides feedback and enhances learning results. We investigated the optimal frequency for retrieval practice during an anatomy course. METHOD During a first-year course, students were offered four online daily quizzes a week that assessed thoracic anatomy. Once a week they received ...