RI is a rule-based program that configures VAX-I 1 computer systems. Given a customer’s purchase order, it determines what, if any, substitutions and additions have to be made to the order to make it consistent and complete and produces a numnber of diagrams showing the spatial and logical relationships among the 90 or so components that typically constitute a system. The program has been used ...

Acknowledgements The authors gratefully acknowledge the advice given by Nick Boreham and Richard Edwards during the drafting of this paper. We are, of course, indebted to the staff at Discovery School for their willing participation in the research project. Formative assessment for all: a whole school approach to pedagogic change Scotland's Assessment is for Learning initiative (AifL) seeks to ...

The hypothesis of formative causation, which I first proposed in 1981 (SHELDRAKE, 1981) postulates that organisms are subject to an influence from previous similar organisms by a process called morphic resonance. Through morphic resonance, each member of a species draws upon, and in turn contributes to, a pooled or collective memory. Thus, for example, if animals learn a new skill in one place,...

objectives: self-assessment, as one type of alternative assessment, with the increased attention to learner-centered curricula, needs analysis, and learner autonomy has gained popularity in recent years. the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of self-assessment on javanroodian foreign language (kordestan) learners’ oral performance ability. methods: the assessment program involved ...

Formative assessment can encourage an instructor to improve learning achievements in a lecture class. The goal of formative assessment in a classroom situation is monitoring learners to provide instructor’s feedback for improving learner’s understanding as well as instructor’s expectation. A Kit-Build concept map is a digital tool for supporting a concept map strategy to represent instructor’s ...

INTRODUCTION Clinical clerkships, typically situated in environments lacking educational structure, form the backbone of undergraduate medical training. The imperative to develop strategies that enhance learning in this context is apparent. This study explored the impact of longitudinal bedside formative assessment on student learning in a medical clerkship. METHODS We studied a class of 4th-...

This study is motivated by, and proceeds from, a central interest in the importance of evaluating IS service quality and adopts the IS ZOT SERVQUAL instrument (Kettinger & Lee, 2005) as its core theory base. This study conceptualises IS service quality as a multidimensional formative construct and seeks to answer the main research questions: “Is the IS service quality construct valid as a 1 st ...

A wealth of evidence for the effectiveness of progress testing in problem-based learning curricula has been collected in the Western academic world, but whether the progress testing can be equally effective in problem-based medical schools in resource-poor countries is a question that remains to be answered. In order to provide an initial answer to this question, we describe our experiences wit...

This study investigates the effect of formative exams and communicative grammar teaching strategies on students’ oral response-ability. research had a 2x2 factorial experimental design where 80 third-year university students were assigned using multistage cluster probability random sampling. The data analyzed two-way covariance analysis (ANCOVA) to test hypotheses. outcomes demonstrated that ta...

INTRODUCTION Progress tests provide students feedback on their level of proficiency over the course of their medical studies. Peer-assisted learning and competency-based education have become increasingly important in medical education. Although progress tests have been proven to be useful as a longitudinal feedback instrument, there are currently no progress tests that have been created in coo...